Database

Browse Database

EGYPT

N/A

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Sub-pillar Adoption of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonogram Treaty
Lack of signature of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
Egypt has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since June 2002

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Sub-pillar Mandatory disclosure of business trade secrets such as algorithms or source code
Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
(القانون رقم 82 لسنة 2002 بشأن حمایة حقوق الملکیة الف کریة)
According to Art. 56 of Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, the competent authorities may find it necessary "to protect the public" to require the disclosure of trade secrets (named "undisclosed information" in Egyptian Law). However, the law assures such information remains protected from unfair commercial use (Art. 57).
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since August 2018

Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade  |  Sub-pillar Maximum foreign equity share
Law No. 180 of 2018 Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation
(قانون 180 لسنة 2018 بشأن تنظيم الصحافة والإعلام والمجلس الأعلى لتنظيم الإعلام)
Law No. 180 of 2018 imposes ownership restrictions on foreigners. According to Art. 36, non-Egyptian shareholders, whether natural or legal persons, are prohibited from holding a share percentage that grants them management rights in newspapers and websites serving as electronic backers for print newspapers.
Art. 35 establishes financial requirements for the establishment of newspapers by private legal entities. For electronic newspapers, a deposit of EGP 100,000 (approx. USD 3,200) is required, with half of this amount to be deposited prior to initiating the establishment procedures. The deposit must remain for one year to cover operational costs and employee rights in case the newspaper ceases publication. In such cases, priority is given to settling employee rights over other obligations.
For newspapers issued by natural persons, the same deposit requirements apply, with the full amount dependent on the publication's frequency. The entire deposit must be made before the newspaper is issued.
Additionally, newspapers must be printed in printing presses within the Arab Republic of Egypt, and a copy of the electronic servers hosting the newspaper's digital version must also be located in Egypt.
Coverage Online newspapers

EGYPT

Since February 2003

Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade  |  Sub-pillar Maximum foreign equity share
Egypt Telecommunication Regulation Law - Law No. 10 of 2003
(قانون رقم ١٠ لسنة ٢٠٠٣ بإصدار قانون تنظيم الاتصالات)
The Law No. 10 of 2003 sets restrictions on Telecom Egypt, which is the monopoly operator of the fixed internet services and infrastructure market. Art. 63 stipulates that the shares of Telecom Egypt can be offered for sale at a partial value of the Company capital upon a decree from the Cabinet with the condition that the greater part of the capital remains State-owned.
Coverage Telecom Egypt

EGYPT

Since January 1976, last amended in March 2020

Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade  |  Sub-pillar Maximum foreign equity share
Law No. 34 of 1976: Concerning the Commercial Register
(القانون رقم ٣٤ لسنة ١٩٧٦ بشأن السجل التجارى أولا)
Law No. 34 of 1976 and its amendments of the years 1996 and 2020 stipulate that legal persons (Natural persons and various forms of Companies) wishing to engage in trade activities in Egypt must be entered into the commercial register (Art. 2). Those to be registered must be of Egyptian nationality and have obtained approval to practice trade from the competent Chamber of Commerce (Art. 3). As an exception to the rule in Article 2, foreigners can be registered in the Commercial Register in a number of cases, among these is when the foreigner is a partner in a company of persons, provided that at least one of the general partners is Egyptian and that the Egyptian partner(s) own 51% of the company's capital and has the right to manage and sign (Art. 4.2).
Coverage Trade activities
"SELECT DISTINCT(post_id) FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'score' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.1') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.2') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.3')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
[{"post_id":"80730"},{"post_id":"80731"},{"post_id":"80732"}]
"SELECT meta_value FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'impact' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.1') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.2')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
"SELECT meta_value FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'score' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.3')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
ITA: [{"meta_value":"0.50"}]

EGYPT

ITA signatory? I II

Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods  |  Sub-pillar Effective tariff rate on ICT goods (applied weighted average)
Effective tariff rate to ICT goods (applied weighted average)
1.52%
Coverage rate of zero-tariffs on ICT goods (%)
69.84%
Coverage: Digital goods

EGYPT

N/A

Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods  |  Sub-pillar Participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and 2015 expansion (ITA II)
Lack of participation in Information Technology Agreement Expansion Agreement (ITA II)
Egypt is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996, but is not a signatory of its 2015 expansion (ITA II).
Coverage ICT goods

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
(قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة)
According to Art. 75 of Law No. 182 of 2018, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt are entitled to secure at least 20% of available government contracts annually. This right was also established under the previous legislation, Tenders Law No. 89 of 1998.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
(قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة)
Art. 59 of Law No. 182 of 2018 allows "local tenders" in which only Egyptian companies of a certain governorate can participate. This applies when the total price of the tender does not exceed EGP 2 million (approx. 127,000 USD).
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
(قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة)
Art. 35 of Law No. 182 of 2018 accords price preference to products that satisfy the percentage of Egyptian industrial components if their value exceeds that of the lowest unsatisfying product within the maximum of 15%. The article also stipulates that the bid submitted for services or technical works shall be considered the lowest price if its value is 15% (or less) higher than the value of the lowest foreign bid.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since January 2015
Since September 2015

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 5 of 2015 Concerning the Preference of Egyptian Products in Government Contracts
(قانون تفضيل المنتجات المصرية في العقود الحكومية رقم 5 لسنة 2015)

Ministerial Decree No. 656/2015 Promulgating the executive regulation of Law No. 5/2015
(قرار وزير التجارة والصناعة رقــم 656 لسنة 2015 — شأن إصدار اللائحة التنفيذية للقانون رقم 5 لسنة 2015 في شأن تفضيل المنتجات المصرية في العقود الحكومية.)
A preference for Egyptian Industrial Products in Government contracts for projects is applied by concerned entities according to Law No. 5 of 2015 Concerning the Preference of Egyptian Products in Government Contracts (Art. 3) and is operationalised by the Ministerial Decree No. 656/2015 (Chapter 2, Art. 2). They require concerned Governmental entities to include a clause in project proposals and contracts that obliges bidders and contractual parties to ensure that the Egyptian industrial content is not less than 40% of the overall value of the offer or contract.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

N/A

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) with coverage of the most relevant services sectors (CPC 752, 754, 84)
Lack of participation in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)
Egypt is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), nor does it have observer status.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since August 2018

Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade  |  Sub-pillar Maximum foreign equity share
Law No. 180 of 2018 Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation
(قانون 180 لسنة 2018 بشأن تنظيم الصحافة والإعلام والمجلس الأعلى لتنظيم الإعلام)
Law No. 180 of 2018 establishes ownership and operational conditions for foreign entities in the media sector. Art. 52 specifies that non-Egyptian shareholders, whether natural or legal persons, are prohibited from owning a majority of shares or being granted management rights in media outlets, including websites acting as electronic backers for media organisations. Art. 1 defines "media" broadly as “any terrestrial or satellite television channel, or wired, wireless, or electronic radio station.”
Art. 54 sets financial requirements for companies operating electronic or digital television stations or channels. The authorised capital must be at least EGP 2.5 million (approx. USD 50,000), with half of this amount deposited in a bank supervised by the Central Bank of Egypt before broadcasting begins. The deposit must remain in the bank for at least one year and be allocated for station operations and employee remuneration.
Additionally, under Art. 59, media providers may operate in Egypt subject to a licence issued by the Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCoM). Approval requires operation within a designated media area and adherence to content restrictions, including the prohibition of materials involving violence, suicide, self-injury, or nudity.
Coverage Media outlets or media websites

ECUADOR

Since June 2017

Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Self-certification for product safety
Regulation for the Approval and Certification of Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (Reglamento para la Homologación y Certificación de Equipos Terminales de Telecomunicaciones)
It is reported that in 2018, the local regulator Telecommunication Regulation and Control Agency (ARCOTEL) expressed interest in conducting in-country testing and homologation certification, with the goal of becoming the exclusive homologation lab for Ecuador, which means all manufacturers need to have their products certified in Ecuador, and certifications from internationally recognised homologation labs would no longer be recognised. However, according to Art. 17 of the Regulation for approval and certification of telecommunications terminal equipment, the homologation of terminal equipment issued by other countries may be recognised by ARCOTEL as long as there are cooperation or mutual recognition agreements. The following products require ARCOTEL’s approval: terminals for Advanced Mobile Service (SMA); terminals for the Carrier Service (P); terminals for the Fixed Telephone Service (STF); terminals for the Telecommunications Satellite Service (TTS); terminals for Internet Access (AI); terminals for the Trunked Service (T); terminals for Community Service (C).
Coverage Telecommunications equipment

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