Database

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MYANMAR

Reported in 2023

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
Low de minimis threshold
It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is USD 75, below the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Reported in 2021, last reported in 2023

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Restrictions on domain names
Physical presence requirement
It is reported that registering a ".com.mm" or ".net.kh" domain name requires a local company or subsidiary in Myanmar.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Since April 2004, as amended in February 2014, last amended in February 2021

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Electronic Transactions Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004) (အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆက်သွယ်ဆောင်ရွက်ရေးဥပဒေ)

Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No.6/2014 – Law Amending the Electronic Transactions Law 2014
The Electronic Transaction Law 2004 (as amended in 2014) provides a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions. This was amended by the Law Amending the Electronic Transactions Law 2014, providing for the amendment of offences and penalties for anyone who commits any offence by using electronic transaction technology (Arts. 33-36).
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Ratification of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Myanmar has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Adoption of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Myanmar has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Adoption of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Myanmar has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Reported in 2023

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Sub-pillar Restrictions on online payments
Complaint about strict foreign exchange rules
Reports indicate that the Central Bank of Myanmar has implemented stringent foreign exchange restrictions that significantly constrain commercial activity. These conversion rules have substantially increased business costs and restricted the ability of enterprises to import essential inputs into Myanmar.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Reported in 2021, last reported in 2023

Pillar Content access  |  Sub-pillar Blocking or filtering of commercial web content
Blocking of commercial web content
As of May 2021, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MoTC) reportedly issued a series of directives ordering mobile service providers to block all websites except a list of about 1,200 that have been approved by the military, following the military's orders directing service providers to restrict access to all but the listed websites and IP addresses. These included numerous banking and financial sites, a handful of entertainment platforms such as YouTube and Netflix, major news outlets such as the New York Times and the U.S. cable news network (CNN), and gaming platforms. In February 2021, the MoTC ordered all ISPs, mobile service providers, and international gateway managers to block access to Facebook and WhatsApp. In February 2021, orders to block Twitter and Instagram followed. While WhatsApp and Instagram were included on a list of approved sites in May 2021, Other secretive blocks on websites have reportedly been ordered since the military coup, affecting popular platforms such as Wikipedia as well as national media outlets. In addition, in 2021, it has also been reported that the Myanmar government banned virtual private networks (VPNs).
The list of permitted addresses was updated in 2022 to include business sites, including those of local companies; however, it remains uncertain whether subsequent updates have occurred since then. Notably, Facebook, Twitter and most Burmese-language independent media outlets are not part of the list and, as a result, remain inaccessible in the country. On the other hand, platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, Viber and Zoom apparently remained accessible.
Coverage Websites, VPNs, online newspapers, and social media platforms

MYANMAR

Reported in 2021, last reported in 2024

Pillar Content access  |  Sub-pillar Presence of Internet shutdowns
Presence of Internet shutdowns
The indicator "6.2.4 - Government Internet shut down in practice" of the V-Dem Dataset, which measures whether the government has the technical capacity to actively make internet service cease, thus interrupting domestic access to the internet or whether the government has decided to do so, has a score of 1 in Myanmar for the year 2023. This corresponds to "The government shut down domestic access to the Internet numerous times this year."
It is reported that since the military coup in February 2021, the military has frequently restricted connectivity by ordering internet shutdowns, slowdowns, and blocks while threatening service providers to ensure their compliance. The internet shutdown came in various forms: i) the nationwide cut-off of mobile data and fixed-line internet access; ii) nightly shutdowns affecting fixed-line (fibre-optic and cable) connectivity. Although the internet was on during the day in this period, users reported frequent short-term outages and slow speeds nationwide; iii) shut down public Wi-Fi connections; iv) shut down wireless broadband internet services indefinitely. Under orders from the military-controlled Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Transport and Communications has significant powers to cut off the internet without oversight or safeguards, as it controls much of the telecommunications infrastructure via the state-owned company Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Since March 2014

Pillar Content access  |  Sub-pillar Licensing schemes for digital services and applications
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 13/2014 on Printing and Publishing Law
The Myanmar Printing and Publishing Law created the licensing regime for publishing houses, news agencies, and websites, and these outlets must register prior to producing content, including for publishing online.
Coverage Publishing houses, news agencies, and websites

MYANMAR

Since October 2013, last amended in August 2017

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013) (ဆက္သြယ္ေရးဥပေဒ (၂၀၁၃ ခုနွစ္၊ ၿပည္ေထာင္စုဥပေဒလႊတ္ေတာ္ဥပေဒအမွတ္ ၃၁။))
According to Arts. 26-70 of the Telecommunication Law mandates that importers of telecommunications equipment get an import license from the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.
Coverage Telecom equipment

MYANMAR

Reported in 2023

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
Lack of transparency in import licensing procedures
It is reported that imports require regime approval through an import license, which is often difficult to obtain. The requirements for this license are subject to frequent changes, sometimes occurring on a monthly or even weekly basis. This creates significant risks of spoilage for companies importing products with limited shelf lives or those requiring uninterrupted cold-chain storage. These onerous import licensing requirements have reportedly increased costs for businesses and restricted their ability to transport inputs into Myanmar and manufacture products within the country.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Since October 2013, last amended in August 2017

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013) (ဆက္သြယ္ေရးဥပေဒ (၂၀၁၃ ခုနွစ္၊ ၿပည္ေထာင္စုဥပေဒလႊတ္ေတာ္ဥပေဒအမွတ္ ၃၁။))
According to Art. 26 of the Telecommunications Law, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology shall prescribe the standards of network equipment and telecommunication equipment that are exported. It is reported that a recommendation issued by the Post and Telecommunications Department is often required for the export of telecommunications equipment, depending on the nature of the equipment.
Coverage Telecom equipment

MYANMAR

Reported in 2023

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
Lack of transparency in export licensing procedures
It is reported that certain exports require regime approval through an export license issued by the Department of Trade under the Ministry of Commerce based on recommendations from relevant ministries, agencies, and business associations.
Coverage Horizontal

MYANMAR

Since 2014

Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services  |  Sub-pillar Self-certification for product safety
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 28/2014 on Law on standardisation (မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ စံချိန်စံညွှန်း ဥပဒေ ၂၈/၂၀၁၄)
The Law on Standardisation Art. 9 allows foreign departments or organisations to issue a certificate of standard certification and quality recommendation by applying to the department assigned to perform in the matter of standardisation by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Coverage Horizontal

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