COMOROS
Since January 2005
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Participation in the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
Comoros is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
Coverage Horizontal
COMOROS
Since March 1957
Since March 1977, as amended in December 2015, entry into force in November 2020
Since March 1977, as amended in December 2015, entry into force in November 2020
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Copyright law with clear exceptions
Law of 11 March 1957 on Literary and Artistic Property (Loi du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique)
Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization, Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African and Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African Republic), 2 March 1977) (Accord de Bangui relatif à la création d'une organization Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle, constituant révision de l'Accord relatif à la création d'un Office Africain et Malgache de la Propriété Industrielle (Bangui (République centrafricaine), le 2 mars 1977)
Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization, Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African and Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African Republic), 2 March 1977) (Accord de Bangui relatif à la création d'une organization Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle, constituant révision de l'Accord relatif à la création d'un Office Africain et Malgache de la Propriété Industrielle (Bangui (République centrafricaine), le 2 mars 1977)
Comoros has a copyright regime under the Law on Literary and Artistic Property. However, the exceptions do not follow the fair use or fair dealing model, therefore limiting the lawful use of copyrighted work by others. Art. 41 lists the exceptions, which include: private and gratuitous representations made exclusively within the family circle; copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use; analyses and short quotations justified by the critical, polemical, educational, scientific or informative nature of the work in which they are incorporated; press reviews; dissemination, even in full, via the press or radio, as news, of speeches intended for the public; and parody, pastiche and caricature.
In addition, the Revised Bangui Agreement, which is a regional intellectual property law that is not only a regional convention applicable in all member states but also serves as a national intellectual property law in Comoros and each of the other member states, contains provisions on copyright in Annex VII: Chapter IV (Limitations to Economic Rights) and establishes a regime of copyright exceptions. Nevertheless, these exceptions similarly do not conform to the fair use or fair dealing models.
In addition, the Revised Bangui Agreement, which is a regional intellectual property law that is not only a regional convention applicable in all member states but also serves as a national intellectual property law in Comoros and each of the other member states, contains provisions on copyright in Annex VII: Chapter IV (Limitations to Economic Rights) and establishes a regime of copyright exceptions. Nevertheless, these exceptions similarly do not conform to the fair use or fair dealing models.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240703061033/https://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/comores/Comores-Loi-1957-propriete-intellectuelle.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231204001038/https://www.sabaip.com/comoros-island-accession-to-oapi/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240813175755/http://oapi.int/Ressources/accord_bangui/2020/anglais.pdf
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COMOROS
Since January 2021
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Adoption of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
WIPO Copyright Treaty
Comoros has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.
Coverage Horizontal
COMOROS
Since January 2021
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Adoption of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
Comoros has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
Since February 2015
Since February 2015
Since February 2015
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Law No. 08/PR/2015 of 2015 Concerning Electronic Transactions (Loi No. 008/PR/2015 Portant sur les Transactions Électroniques)
Consumer Protection Law No. 005/PR/2015 (Loi No. 005/PR/2015 Portant Protection du Consommateur au Tchad)
Consumer Protection Law No. 005/PR/2015 (Loi No. 005/PR/2015 Portant Protection du Consommateur au Tchad)
Law No. 08/PR/2015 concerning electronic transactions and the Consumer Protection Law provide a comprehensive consumer protection framework that applies to online transactions.
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Chad has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Chad has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Chad has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
Since August 1998
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Self-certification for product safety
Law No. 009-98 of 17 August 1998 Relating to Telecommunications (Loi No. 009/PR/98 Portant sur les Télécommunications)
The regime of approval of telecommunications equipment is set out in Order No. 036/MPTIC/SG. Art. 16 establishes that the Office Tchadien de Régulation des Télécommunications (OTRT, Chadian Office of Telecommunications Regulation) - which has now become the Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes (ARCEP, Regulatory Authority for Electronic Communications and Posts) - determines the procedure for the approval of equipment and national and international labouratories, as well as the conditions for the recognition of standards and specialisations and techniques. ARCEP may accept test reports or certificates of conformity from approved bodies in foreign countries.
Coverage Telecom equipment
CHAD
Since December 2018, entry into force in March 2019
Since June 2019
Since June 2019
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on online payments
Regulation No. 02/18/CEMAC/UMAC/CM of 21 December 2018 on Foreign Exchange Regulations in CEMAC (Règlement No. 02/18/CEMAC/UMAC/CM du 21 Décembre 2018 Portant Réglementation des Changes dans la CEMAC)
Instruction No. 8/GR/2019 on the Conditions and Modalities for Use of Electronic Payment Instruments Outside CEMAC (Instruction No. 008/GR/2019 Relative aux Conditions et Modalités d'Utilisation à l'Extérieur de la CEMAC des Instruments de Paiement Électronique)
Instruction No. 8/GR/2019 on the Conditions and Modalities for Use of Electronic Payment Instruments Outside CEMAC (Instruction No. 008/GR/2019 Relative aux Conditions et Modalités d'Utilisation à l'Extérieur de la CEMAC des Instruments de Paiement Électronique)
According to the Instruction No. 8/GR/2019 issued by the Governor of the Bank of Central African States to facilitate the interpretation and implementation of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) Regulation 02/18/CEMAC/UMAC/CM, there is a limit of 1 million XAF (approx. USD 1,700) per month and per person for the remote settlement of transactions, including online payments. According to Arts. 7-8, justification needs to be provided above this limit. The Instruction provides guidance on the provision of Art. 34 of the Regulation, which implements certain limits for using electronic payment instruments outside the CEMAC and applies to the six CEMAC member states, including Chad.
Coverage Electronic payment instruments
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240225073742/https://www.droit-afrique.com/uploads/CEMAC-Reglement-2018-02-changes.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20221125221459/https://www.beac.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Instruction-n%C2%B008-GR-2019-on-the-conditions-and-modalities-for-use-of-electronics-payment-instrument-outs...
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230402111522/https://clarenceabogados.com/client-alert/beac-instructions-to-foreign-exchange-regulations/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20241128140950/https://www.anif.cm/images/pdfanif/reglement_anglais.pdf
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CHAD
Reported in 2022, last reported in 2024
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
Low de minimis threshold
It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is USD 20, below the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
Coverage Horizontal
CHAD
Since February 2015
Pillar Domestic data policies |
Indicator Framework for data protection
Law No. 007/PR/2015 on the Protection of Personal Data (Loi No. 007/PR/2015 Portant Protection des Données à Caractère Personnel)
Law Law No. 007/PR/2015 on the Protection of Personal Data provides a comprehensive regime of data protection in Chad. The Law encompasses various aspects, including general notifications related to data processing, the rights of data subjects, security obligations, and contractual requirements for data controllers and processors. Additionally, relevant regulations can be found in Decree No. 075/PR/2019, which implements the provisions of Law No. 007/PR/2015, as well as in Law No. 008/PR/2015 concerning electronic transactions, and Law No. 009/PR/ on cybersecurity and cybercrime.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220330023417/https://arcep.td/sites/default/files/Loi-N%C2%B007-PR-2015.pdf
- https://unctad.org/page/cyberlaw-tracker-country-detail?country=td
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231115172154/https://www.dataguidance.com/jurisdiction/chad
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231204031041/https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/index.html?t=law&c=TD
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CHAD
Since February 2015
Since December 2008
Since December 2008
Pillar Domestic data policies |
Indicator Minimum period for data retention
Law No. 009/PR/2015 on Cybersecurity and the Fight Against Cybercrime (Loi No. 009/PR/2015 Portant sur la Cybersécurité et la Lutte Contre la Cybercriminalité)
Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 of 19 December 2008 on the Legal Framework for the Protection of Users of Electronic Communications Networks and Services within CEMAC (Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 Fixant le Cadre Juridique de la Protection des Droits des Utilisateurs de Réseaux et de Services de Communications Électroniques au Sein de la CEMAC)
Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 of 19 December 2008 on the Legal Framework for the Protection of Users of Electronic Communications Networks and Services within CEMAC (Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 Fixant le Cadre Juridique de la Protection des Droits des Utilisateurs de Réseaux et de Services de Communications Électroniques au Sein de la CEMAC)
Art. 61 of Law No. 009 of 2015 on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime mandates operators of information systems to retain connection and traffic data for ten years. According to Art. 4, an information system means any isolated device or set of interconnected or related devices, ensuring by itself or by one or more of its elements, according to a program, an automated data processing. This is despite the sub-regional legislation of CEMAC, to which Chad belongs, providing for a maximum duration of two years, during which the States can allow operators to keep traffic data for security reasons.
Coverage Operators of information system
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026000326/https://ansice.td/loi-n09-pr-2015-portant-sur-la-cybersecurite-et-la-lutte-contre-la-cybercriminalite/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220205175633/https://cipesa.org/?wpfb_dl=479
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230329191948/http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/cemac/CEMAC-Directive-2008-07-droit-des-utilisateurs-de-reseaux.pdf
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CHAD
Since February 2015
Since December 2008
Since December 2008
Pillar Domestic data policies |
Indicator Minimum period for data retention
Law No. 009/PR/2015 on Cybersecurity and the Fight Against Cybercrime (Loi No. 009/PR/2015 Portant sur la Cybersécurité et la Lutte Contre la Cybercriminalité)
Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 of 19 December 2008 on the Legal Framework for the Protection of Users of Electronic Communications Networks and Services within CEMAC (Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 Fixant le Cadre Juridique de la Protection des Droits des Utilisateurs de Réseaux et de Services de Communications Électroniques au Sein de la CEMAC)
Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 of 19 December 2008 on the Legal Framework for the Protection of Users of Electronic Communications Networks and Services within CEMAC (Directive No. 07/08-UEAC-133-CM-18 Fixant le Cadre Juridique de la Protection des Droits des Utilisateurs de Réseaux et de Services de Communications Électroniques au Sein de la CEMAC)
Art. 51 of Law No. 009 of 2015 on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime mandates communications service providers to retain data that enables the identification of any person who contributed to content creation in services they provide for ten years. According to Art. 4, a communication service is a service consisting entirely or mainly of the provision of electronic communications, excluding the contents of audiovisual communication services). This is despite the sub-regional legislation of CEMAC, to which Chad belongs, providing for a maximum duration of two years, during which the States can allow operators to keep traffic data for security reasons.
Coverage Communications service providers
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026000326/https://ansice.td/loi-n09-pr-2015-portant-sur-la-cybersecurite-et-la-lutte-contre-la-cybercriminalite/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230421161021/https://cipesa.org/wp-content/files/briefs/Mapping-and-Analysis-of-Privacy-Laws-in-Africa-2021.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230329191948/http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/cemac/CEMAC-Directive-2008-07-droit-des-utilisateurs-de-reseaux.pdf
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CHAD
Since February 2015
Since February 2015
Since February 2015
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Safe harbour for intermediaries for copyright infringement
Law No. 08/PR/2015 of 2015 Concerning Electronic Transactions (Loi No. 008/PR/2015 Portant sur les Transactions Électroniques)
Law No. 009/PR/2015 on Cybersecurity and the Fight Against Cybercrime (Loi No. 009/PR/2015 Portant sur la Cybersécurité et la Lutte Contre la Cybercriminalité)
Law No. 009/PR/2015 on Cybersecurity and the Fight Against Cybercrime (Loi No. 009/PR/2015 Portant sur la Cybersécurité et la Lutte Contre la Cybercriminalité)
Law No-08-PR-2015 establishes a safe harbour regime for intermediaries for copyright infringements. Art. 92 prescribes for immunity of internet intermediaries provided that the service provider: (a) is not the source of the transmission; (b) does not select the recipient of the transmission; (c) does not select or modify the information that is the subject of the transmission. Under Art. 94, an intermediary service provider is not responsible for the information stored at the request of a recipient of the service provided that:
- the service provider has no actual knowledge of the illicit nature of the activity or information
- the service provider, as soon as it has such knowledge, following voluntary checks or based on serious information communicated by a third party, acts promptly to remove the information or to restore access to it impossible.
In addition, when the intermediary service provider becomes aware of the illicit content, Art. 95 mandates that they should communicate it immediately to the certification authority, which in turn approaches the public prosecutor to take necessary measures to seize the data. As long as the judicial authority has not made any decisions on the matter, the service provider can only take measures to prevent access to the information. A similar degree of safe harbour is provided under Art. 55 of Law No. 09 of 2015 on Cybersecurity and the fight against Cybercrime.
- the service provider has no actual knowledge of the illicit nature of the activity or information
- the service provider, as soon as it has such knowledge, following voluntary checks or based on serious information communicated by a third party, acts promptly to remove the information or to restore access to it impossible.
In addition, when the intermediary service provider becomes aware of the illicit content, Art. 95 mandates that they should communicate it immediately to the certification authority, which in turn approaches the public prosecutor to take necessary measures to seize the data. As long as the judicial authority has not made any decisions on the matter, the service provider can only take measures to prevent access to the information. A similar degree of safe harbour is provided under Art. 55 of Law No. 09 of 2015 on Cybersecurity and the fight against Cybercrime.
Coverage Intermediaries
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170356/https://arcep.td/sites/default/files/Loi-N%C2%B0-08-PR-2015.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20221002201904/https://ansice.td/loi-n09-pr-2015-portant-sur-la-cybersecurite-et-la-lutte-contre-la-cybercriminalite/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20221205012440/https://www.dataguidance.com/notes/chad-data-protection-overview
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