Iraq is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Iraq’s copyright regime, as outlined in Law No. 3 of 1971, relies on a closed list of statutory exceptions rather than a flexible fair use or fair dealing model, which restricts the scope for unlicensed secondary uses. Arts. 12 to 17 contain the main exceptions, including the use of works in non‑commercial educational or private settings, the making of a single copy for personal use, and the use of short quotations or extracts for educational, critical or informational purposes with attribution. Art. 15-bis introduces a three-step test-style limitation. Arts. 16 and 17 further allow news media to reproduce public speeches, supporting the circulation of publicly significant information in digital environments.

Iraq has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Iraq is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that a decision adopted in 2009 requires Iraqi government agencies to procure goods from State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) unless these entities are unable to meet established quality or quantity standards. Moreover, SOEs may secure tenders if their bids are within 10% of those submitted by competitors. SOEs are exempt from bid and performance bond requirements and benefit from regulatory provisions that favour them over private-sector firms. Foreign companies frequently need to partner with Iraqi firms to participate in tenders. The specific legal instrument underpinning these provisions could not be identified.

It is reported that the public procurement system lacks transparency and is characterised by corruption, with no legal remedies available to unsuccessful bidders.

Iraq is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that, pursuant to Iraqi legislation, foreign ownership in a business enterprise is restricted to a maximum of 49%; however, the specific statutory provision could not be located.

It is reported that representation by an authorised agent is mandatory when the patent applicant is not domiciled in Iraq.

Under Section 15/C of Act CVIII of 2001 on Electronic Commerce, as amended by Act XXIV of 2020 transposing the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD, Directive (EU) 2018/1808), video-sharing platform services are subject to a notification requirement. In practice, the authorities require the notification to include an official registration number, which is available only to companies with a local presence in Hungary. According to industry reports, this procedural hurdle also affects other digital services and e-commerce providers.

The Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU provides an updated framework aimed at encouraging online sales. The Directive has been implemented by the Act CLV of 1997 on Consumer Protection (as amended in September 2019).

Hungary has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Hungary has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.