Law No. 180 of 2018 imposes ownership restrictions on foreigners. According to Art. 36, non-Egyptian shareholders, whether natural or legal persons, are prohibited from holding a share percentage that grants them management rights in newspapers and websites serving as electronic backers for print newspapers.
Art. 35 establishes financial requirements for the establishment of newspapers by private legal entities. For electronic newspapers, a deposit of EGP 100,000 (approx. USD 3,200) is required, with half of this amount to be deposited prior to initiating the establishment procedures. The deposit must remain for one year to cover operational costs and employee rights in case the newspaper ceases publication. In such cases, priority is given to settling employee rights over other obligations.
For newspapers issued by natural persons, the same deposit requirements apply, with the full amount dependent on the publication's frequency. The entire deposit must be made before the newspaper is issued.
Additionally, newspapers must be printed in printing presses within the Arab Republic of Egypt, and a copy of the electronic servers hosting the newspaper's digital version must also be located in Egypt.

The Law No. 10 of 2003 sets restrictions on Telecom Egypt, which is the monopoly operator of the fixed internet services and infrastructure market. Art. 63 stipulates that the shares of Telecom Egypt can be offered for sale at a partial value of the Company capital upon a decree from the Cabinet with the condition that the greater part of the capital remains State-owned.

Egypt is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996, but is not a signatory of its 2015 expansion (ITA II).

According to Art. 75 of Law No. 182 of 2018, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt are entitled to secure at least 20% of available government contracts annually. This right was also established under the previous legislation, Tenders Law No. 89 of 1998.

Art. 59 of Law No. 182 of 2018 allows "local tenders" in which only Egyptian companies of a certain governorate can participate. This applies when the total price of the tender does not exceed EGP 2 million (approx. 127,000 USD).

Art. 35 of Law No. 182 of 2018 accords price preference to products that satisfy the percentage of Egyptian industrial components if their value exceeds that of the lowest unsatisfying product within the maximum of 15%. The article also stipulates that the bid submitted for services or technical works shall be considered the lowest price if its value is 15% (or less) higher than the value of the lowest foreign bid.

Lebanon has signed but not ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Art. 3 of Basic Decision No. 7548 regulates banking and financial operations conducted through applications or software installed on mobile or fixed electronic devices, stipulating that such transactions using bank cards and/or accounts of customers from different banks are permissible only within defined limits. Each customer may transmit, via a single application, no more than LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month for transactions in Lebanese pounds, and USD 300 per day and USD 3,000 per month, or their equivalent in other foreign currencies approved by the Banque du Liban Clearing House, for transactions in US dollars or other authorised currencies. Similarly, the total amount received by each customer shall not exceed LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month in Lebanese pounds, and USD 600 per day and USD 6,000 per month, or their equivalent in approved foreign currencies. The Banque du Liban may exceptionally authorise higher ceilings for legal persons such as merchants, industrialists, or self-employed professionals. Service providers offering such operations may also integrate an electronic wallet (e-wallet) service into these applications, subject to additional restrictions: for natural persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 10,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 3,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds; for legal commercial persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 50,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 30,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds.

Lebanon does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Section 5 of the "LBDR Domain Name Registration Policy and Procedures" states that the Lebanese Domain Registry (LBDR) does not currently permit direct registration under the ".lb" top-level domain, although it reserves the right to revise this policy. Consequently, companies seeking to operate with a local domain must register a second-level domain name (e.g., “.com.lb”). Regarding the second-level domains, Section 6.5 requires registrants for "com.lb", "edu.lb", "net.lb", "org.lb" and "gov.lb" to maintain a Lebanese postal address, while Section 6.8 specifies that individual applicants must hold a valid Lebanese identity document, although registration for private individuals is not yet supported. The creation of a dedicated category for such applicants remains under consideration by the LBDR.
Under Section 7.4, the LBDR may, in exceptional circumstances, require additional documentation to verify the registrant’s identity. Such documentation may include, but is not limited to: valid identification (national ID or passport), a power of attorney, a trademark certificate, a recent commercial circular, attestations of appointment or election within an organisation, and proof of postal address.

The Law on Consumer Protection, together with the Law on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, establishes a comprehensive legal framework for safeguarding consumer rights, which is equally applicable to digital and online commercial activities.