It is reported that issues of transparency, competition, and efficiency persist in Romania's procurement processes, particularly affecting foreign bidders. Concerns include overly narrow definitions of tenders and implicit biases favouring local vendors and state-owned enterprises.

Romanian laws and regulations ensure equal treatment for foreign investors, and there are no restrictions on foreign ownership in commercial enterprises.

In Romania, Regulation 2019/452 is transposed by Law No. 164/2023 for the Approval of the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 46/2022. According to the law, FDI projects in designated areas of the economy whose value exceeds the EUR 2 million (approx. 2 million USD) threshold, or those that have an impact on national security or public order or present risks to them, are subject to the Government’s authorisation. The regime applies to investors from non-EU countries or to EU investors that non-EU persons directly or indirectly control. The sectors of the economy in which FDI is subject to the Government’s authorisation include the security of Romanian citizens and the community, critical infrastructure, information systems and communications systems.
The law has undergone several amendments in recent years, with the most recent changes introduced through Emergency Ordinance No. 108/2023 in November 2023. These amendments expand the scope of the FDI screening regime to include below-control investments where an investor gains "effective participation in the management" of the target. Additionally, a new filing fee of EUR 10,000 (approx. 10,000 USD) has been instituted for the screening process.

In accordance with Art. 2 of Decision No. 73 of the Supreme Council for National Defence, operations involving the acquisition of control over certain companies or assets, as well as economic concentration transactions established by law, are subject to analysis as provided in Art. 46 of Law No. 21/1996. This analysis also applies to economic concentration operations that could pose a threat to national security. According to Art. 3 of Decision No. 73, mergers potentially impacting national security require notification to the Supreme Council for National Defence. These notifications are specifically relevant to the following areas: a) Security of citizens and communities; f) Security of critical infrastructures; and g) Security of information and communication systems (Art. 2). According to Art. 4 of the Decision, the assessment of national security risks is carried out primarily by the national security system's structures and state authorities with direct responsibilities in the specified areas, following the provision of all necessary information and documents.

Romania is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

There is no general principle for the use of copyright-protected material comparable to the fair use/fair dealing principles. Directive 2001/29/EC defines an optional but exhaustive set of limitations from the author´s exclusive rights under the control of the “three-step test” in line with the Berne Convention that establishes three cumulative conditions to the limitations and exceptions of a copyright holder’s rights. Romania has transposed the Directive through several amendments of Law No. 8 of March 1996 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, including the Government Emergency Order amending Law No. 8/1996 on copyright and related rights, Law No. 15/2019 amending Law No. 8/1996 on copyright and related rights, among others.

Qatar has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Qatar has enacted national legislation, namely the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law, which is derived from or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Qatar has enacted national legislation, namely the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law, which is derived from or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Chapter 8 of the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law establishes a comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection, expressly applicable to online transactions.

It is reported that the Government of Qatar requires providers of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to obtain a licence; however, such licences are granted solely to companies intending to establish operations within Qatar. It is also reported that this requirement constitutes a significant barrier to entry for foreign or Internet-based service providers, with Ooredoo and Vodafone Qatar remaining the only authorised VoIP providers in the country, both being majority-owned by state-controlled entities.

Under Art. 68 of Decree-Law No. 34 of 2006, importing telecommunications devices for commercial purposes requires a licence issued by the Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA). Non-compliance with this requirement is punishable by up to one year of imprisonment and a fine of up to QAR 20,000 (approx. USD 5,500). The CRA implements this via its Import Authorisation Licence and type-approval regime.

It is reported that Qatar requires import documentation for goods coming from abroad to be authenticated, or "consularised", by a Qatari embassy, consulate or chamber of commerce in the exporting country. This process involves obtaining official stamps or certifications for documents such as the commercial invoice and certificate of origin, verifying their legitimacy prior to shipment. Although its purpose is to ensure the authenticity of commercial documents, this authentication requirement is reportedly often a burdensome and costly one for exporters, as it adds administrative red tape, delays and fees.

It is reported that Qatar permits self-certification for radio transmission equipment concerning electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. Foreign manufacturers may demonstrate compliance through a Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity (SDoC), whereby the supplier or manufacturer affirms that the equipment satisfies the relevant technical and administrative requirements. Where testing is undertaken, the choice of laboratory remains at the discretion of the supplier or manufacturer. The Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA) accepts results issued by accredited testing and measurement bodies officially recognised by the Authority, a list of which is published on its website.

According to Qatar's eCommerce Portal, enterprises seeking to operate as e-merchants in Qatar must first register their business, domain name and trademarks. To engage in commercial activities within the country, all businesses, including e-merchants, are required to obtain a commercial registration.