SYRIA
Since December 2004
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Exclusion from public procurement
Law No. 51 of 2004 on the Contract System for Public Entities
القانون رقم 51 لعام 2004 الخاص بنظام العقود للجهات العامة
القانون رقم 51 لعام 2004 الخاص بنظام العقود للجهات العامة
Art. 11.6 of Law No. 51 stipulates that any individual or entity seeking to participate in a tender must satisfy the following condition: they shall neither own any plant, enterprise, or branch office in Israel, nor hold any interest in a firm or organisation established therein. They must not be party to any contract for manufacturing, assembly, licensing, or technical assistance with any Israeli firm, organisation, or body, nor engage in such activities within Israel either directly or through intermediaries.
Coverage Horizontal
SYRIA
Reported in 2020, last reported in 2024
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Reported lack of transparency in public procurement
Reports indicate that corruption within Syria’s public procurement processes is widespread, affecting territories under the control of various factions involved in the civil conflict. These procurement mechanisms are systematically exploited to advance the interests of government officials and affiliated business entities. In many instances, tenders are not publicly disclosed but are instead selectively distributed to individuals with political connections.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20250903234013/https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/The-Syrian-Arab-Republic_corruption-and-anti-corruption_Final.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20251117070008/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020-11-11-control-power-syria-mehchy-haid-khatib_0.pdf
SYRIA
N/A
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Signatory of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) with coverage of the most relevant services sectors (CPC 752, 754, 84)
Lack of participation in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)
The Syrian Arab Republic is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.
Coverage Horizontal
SWEDEN
Since March 2010, entry into force in May 2010, last amended in 2018
Since August 2010, as amended in November 2020, last amended in December 2023
Since August 2010, as amended in November 2020, last amended in December 2023
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Local content requirements (LCRs) on ICT goods for the commercial market
EU Directive on Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS)
Radio and Television Act (2010: 696) (Radio-och tv-förordning (2010:696))
Radio and Television Act (2010: 696) (Radio-och tv-förordning (2010:696))
The EU Directive on Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS) covers traditional broadcasting services as well as audiovisual media services provided on-demand, including via the Internet. Art. 13.1 provides for Member States to secure a minimum 30% share of European works in the catalogues as well as "ensuring prominence" of those works. "Prominence" involves promoting European works by facilitating access to such works using any appropriate means to ensure their prominence. The Directive has been implemented by Member States in different ways, ranging from very extensive and detailed measures to a mere reference to the general obligation to promote European works.
In Sweden, the EU Directive was transposed into domestic law through the amendment of the Radio and Television Act in November 2020 (SFS 2020:875). According to Chapter 5, Section 8 of the Act, providers of on-demand television must ensure that at least 30% of their catalogue consists of programmes of European origin and that these programmes are effectively promoted. Sweden has not introduced financial contribution obligations for VOD service providers.
Furthermore, under Chapter 5, Section 7, at least 10% of the annual transmission time or 10% of the programming budget must be allocated to European programmes produced by independent producers, with a significant portion of these programmes being completed within the past five years. The term "transmission time" refers to the period during which programmes are broadcast, excluding news, sports, games, announcements, teleshopping, and broadcasts consisting solely of text. Additionally, unless specific reasons prevent it, television broadcasts should include a substantial number of Swedish programmes featuring artists and creators active in Sweden.
In Sweden, the EU Directive was transposed into domestic law through the amendment of the Radio and Television Act in November 2020 (SFS 2020:875). According to Chapter 5, Section 8 of the Act, providers of on-demand television must ensure that at least 30% of their catalogue consists of programmes of European origin and that these programmes are effectively promoted. Sweden has not introduced financial contribution obligations for VOD service providers.
Furthermore, under Chapter 5, Section 7, at least 10% of the annual transmission time or 10% of the programming budget must be allocated to European programmes produced by independent producers, with a significant portion of these programmes being completed within the past five years. The term "transmission time" refers to the period during which programmes are broadcast, excluding news, sports, games, announcements, teleshopping, and broadcasts consisting solely of text. Additionally, unless specific reasons prevent it, television broadcasts should include a substantial number of Swedish programmes featuring artists and creators active in Sweden.
Coverage Video streaming services
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240315043340/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/radio-och-tv-lag-2010696_sfs-2010-696/#K5
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240315003826/https://mediemyndigheten.se/globalassets/om-mediemyndigheten/mediemyndighetens-verksamhet/dokument/radio-och-tv-lag/the-swedish-radio-and-television-act.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240315043340/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/radio-och-tv-lag-2010696_sfs-2010-696/#K5
- https://web.archive.org/web/20241106133150/https://www.lagboken.se/Lagboken/start/forvaltningsratt/radio--och-tv-lag-2010696//d_5196251-sfs-2023_841-lag-om-andring-i-radio--och-tv-lagen-2010_696
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240430005104/https://svenskforfattningssamling.se/sites/default/files/sfs/2020-10/SFS2020-875.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240609131307/https://rm.coe.int/iris-plus-2022-2-tables/1680a6889d
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SWEDEN
Since June 2018, last amended in November 2024
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Local presence requirements for digital services providers
Gambling Act (2018:1138) (Spellag (2018:1138))
The Gambling Act (2018:1138) establishes licensing requirements for the provision of online gambling services. Chapter 4 (Section 4) includes the requirement for third-country license applicants to have a physical representative who is a resident of Sweden.
Coverage Online gambling services
SWEDEN
Since June 2014
Since February 2005
Since February 2005
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU
Law (2005:59) on Distance and Off-Premises Contracts (Lag (2005:59) om distansavtal och avtal utanför affärslokaler)
Law (2005:59) on Distance and Off-Premises Contracts (Lag (2005:59) om distansavtal och avtal utanför affärslokaler)
The Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU provides an updated framework aimed at encouraging online sales. The Directive has been implemented by the Law (2005:59) on distance and off-premises contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20210325212820/https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_consumer_rights_directive_201183-639-en.do
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231116162330/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-200559-om-distansavtal-och-avtal-utanfor_sfs-2005-59/
SWEDEN
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Sweden has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
SWEDEN
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Sweden has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
SWEDEN
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Sweden has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
SWEDEN
Since May 2022, as amended in August 2022
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator User identity requirement
Electronic Communications Act (SFS 2022:482) (Lag (2022:482) om elektronisk kommunikation)
As stipulated in Art. 24 of Law 2022:482 on Electronic Communications, as amended by the Swedish statute book (SFS) 2022:1086, any individual or entity offering an interpersonal communication service based on publicly available prepaid numbers or a prepaid Internet connection service is prohibited from providing access to the service without first registering the following details: (1) the name and postal address of the subscriber, (2) the subscriber's social security number, coordination number, organisation number, or other identification number, and (3) the number or other designation of the service. Additionally, the provider must record the time of registration, and this information must be retained and made available for up to one year after the cessation of service provision.
Coverage Providers of prepaid publicly available number-based interpersonal communication services and prepaid Internet access services
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231211033726/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2022482-om-elektronisk-kommunikation_sfs-2022-482/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240424062130/https://svenskforfattningssamling.se/sites/default/files/sfs/2022-06/SFS2022-1086.pdf
- https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/sim-card-registration-laws/#Type_of_ID_required_by_country
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SWEDEN
Since April 2019
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Monitoring requirement
Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Art. 17 of Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive) mandates that providers of content-sharing services seek authorisation from rights holders and implement technical solutions to remove and prevent unauthorised uploads by their users (so-called upload filters), under penalty of losing their liability safe harbour. Further arrangements are envisaged for complaints and dispute resolution mechanisms. Such upload filters are reported to be a significant cost for online platforms. Graduated exemptions are expected to be put in place for new providers active in the EU for less than three years with a turnover under EUR 10 million, and with fewer than five million users. The provision is subject to a challenge in the Court of Justice by Poland (C-401/19).
Sweden has not yet implemented the Directive 2019/790.
Sweden has not yet implemented the Directive 2019/790.
Coverage Online content sharing service
SWEDEN
Since March 1998
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Monitoring requirement
Act on Responsibility for Electronic Bulletin Boards (1998:112)
The Act on Responsibility for Electronic Bulletin Board requires internet sites, where users can post comments about a particular issue or topic and reply to other users' postings (i.e. bulletin boards), to monitor the service regularly and to an extent that may reasonably be required taking into account the scope and nature of the service. An intentional or grossly negligent violation of the obligation to remove illegal content is considered as a criminal offence. The Act includes an information duty (Section 3), a supervision duty (Section 4), and a duty to erase certain messages (Section 5).
This is despite Art. 15 of Directive 2000/31/EC (e-Commerce Directive) stating that Member States should not impose on providers a general obligation to monitor the information which they transmit or store, nor a general obligation actively to seek facts or circumstances indicating illegal activity.
This is despite Art. 15 of Directive 2000/31/EC (e-Commerce Directive) stating that Member States should not impose on providers a general obligation to monitor the information which they transmit or store, nor a general obligation actively to seek facts or circumstances indicating illegal activity.
Coverage Online bulletin boards
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240117030005/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-1998112-om-ansvar-for-elektroniska_sfs-1998-112/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220528005812/https://wilmap.stanford.edu/entries/act-responsibility-electronic-bulletin-boards-1998112
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231227125945/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231206023311/https://nathatshjalpen.se/en/a/act-responsibility-electronic-bulletin-boards-bbs/
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SWEDEN
Since May 2018, last amended in October 2023
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Import ban applied on ICT goods or online services
Protective Security Act 2018 (Säkerhetsskyddslagen 2018)
The Protective Security Act, which was amended in 2019 to allow Swedish security and intelligence forces to recommend the revocation of operating licenses for firms in sectors important to national security if they are found to pose a security risk. The law was used in 2020 to ban Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used in the Swedish network. Specifically, the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS) has told telecommunications operators in Sweden vying for licensing rights at auction that bids including Huawei or ZTE equipment will not be considered, and pre-existing Huawei and ZTE infrastructure would need to be decommissioned by 2025. This effective ban on Huawei and ZTE equipment has been challenged in court, but so far, the decision has been upheld in the Swedish court.
Coverage Huawei and ZTE
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211021034821/https://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/en/swedish-security-service/protective-security.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230105130453/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/swedish-court-upholds-ban-huawei-sale-5g-gear-2022-06-22/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230331073907/https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-investment-climate-statements/sweden/
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SWEDEN
N/A
Pillar Telecom infrastructure & competition |
Indicator Presence of an independent telecom authority
Presence of independent telecom authority
It is reported that the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS), the executive authority for the supervision and administration of services in the telecommunications sector, is independent from the government in the decision-making process.
Coverage Telecommunications sector
SWEDEN
Since December 1999
Pillar Cross-border data policies |
Indicator Local storage requirement
Swedish Accounting Act (Bokföringslag (1999:1078))
Pursuant to Chapter 7, Section 2 of the Swedish Bookkeeping Act, accounting records pertaining to Swedish entities acting as data controllers must be retained for at least seven years within the territory of Sweden.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230324084219/https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/bokforingslag-19991078_sfs-1999-1078
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230728072411/https://itif.org/publications/2017/05/01/cross-border-data-flows-where-are-barriers-and-what-do-they-cost/
- https://www.dataguidance.com/notes/sweden-privacy-overview
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