Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

It is reported that a significant time is required for the processing of export and import documentation at the border. Prolonged processing times for international mail handling have been attributed to the customs clearance procedures administered by the International Mail Centre (IMC) of Mongolian Customs. It is also reported that the UPost system used by the IMC lacks interoperability with the systems of delivery service providers such as Mongol Post, UPC, and DHL, requiring manual data entry.

Under the "Type Approval Regulatory Guidelines for Information and Communication Equipment", the majority of wireless and telecommunications equipment must obtain type approval from the Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia (CRC). Section 5.1 stipulates that products must be accompanied by test reports demonstrating compliance with the relevant test standards and limits, in accordance with European Union Standards (EN), issued within 6 years before issuance. These standards include electromagnetic compatibility requirements. In addition, Section 6.5 states that if the CRC is unable to conduct testing and evaluation due to insufficient measurement capabilities or human resources, it may seek assistance from other governmental organisations of similar status, testing institutions, university laboratories, or accredited laboratories in foreign countries.

According to Section 5.40.11 of the Payment System Procedures, the maximum amount permitted for a single spending transaction by a user corresponds to the upper limit for small-value transactions as determined by order of the President of the Bank of Mongolia. The Bank of Mongolia’s 2024 explanatory guidance clarifies that, for registered electronic-money users, this limit is MNT 5,000,000 (approx. USD 1,400) and applies only to user transactions, not to transactions carried out by contractual agents or merchants cooperating with the electronic-money issuer. In addition, as stipulated in Section 5.40.14, the maximum daily spending limit for unregistered users is MNT 40,000 (approx. USD 12), and the explanatory guidance clarifies that this limit applies only to unregistered users.

According to Section 6.2.4 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", website service providers that enable users to create content and facilitate a user comment section are required to display the user's full Internet Protocol (IP) address within publicly accessible user-generated content. Pursuant to Section 2.4, a website service provider is defined as an individual or legal entity that disseminates news, information, and other forms of content to the public through communication network services.

Art. 25 of the Law on Child Protection stipulates that electronic service providers are responsible for refraining from disseminating prohibited content and are obliged to actively monitor, restrict, and block harmful material. In addition, internet service providers are required to implement technological measures to limit the distribution of harmful and prohibited content accessible to children online, in accordance with decisions issued by authorised organisations.

According to Section 6.2.1 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", providers of website services that allow users to generate content and maintain a user comment section are required to implement a word filtering programme operated by the Communications Regulatory Commission. Reports indicate that this filtering software identifies prohibited keywords and replaces them with asterisks. However, the software is reportedly flawed, as it fails to consider the context of words and indiscriminately blocks any terms that contain letters or syllables resembling those of the prohibited words. Pursuant to Section 2.4, a website service provider is defined as an individual or legal entity that disseminates news, information, and other forms of content to the public through communication network services.

According to Sections 1.2 and 3 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", content aggregators, content providers, website service providers, and content service providers are required to obtain a special licence. In addition, in accordance with Section 3.4, the service provider of a news website operating in Mongolia must register with the Communications Regulatory Commission.

Art. 8.1, Clause 9.3, of the Law on Permits lists “using information networks and providing services” as an activity requiring a special permit issued by the Communications Regulatory Commission. Art. 19¹.1 of the Communications Law further clarifies the scope of this category, indicating that it includes IP-based interconnection, data-storage infrastructure, content distribution networks, and virtual network activity between demarcation points.

It is reported that the Communications Regulatory Commission, the executive authority for the supervision and administration of services in the telecommunications sector, is independent from the government in the decision-making process.

It is reported that specific financial data subject to data localisation requirements cannot be transmitted internationally.

Section 3 of the "Regulation on Technical Requirements for Processing Sensitive, Biometric, and Genetic Data" sets out the requirements for servers processing sensitive personal information. Among other stipulations, it mandates that the server be physically located within Mongolia and accessible exclusively from within Mongolia.
Pursuant to Section 1, the objective of this Regulation is to establish the principles and technological security requirements governing the processing of sensitive personal data, as well as genetic and biometric data, as stipulated in Arts. 9 and 10 of the Law on the Protection of Personal Data.

Art. 14.1 of the Law on Personal Data Protection prohibits the transfer of personal data to an individual, legal entity, or international organisation in a foreign country, except as permitted by law and international treaties of Mongolia or with the explicit consent of the data subject.

Mongolia has not joined any agreement with binding commitments to open transfers of data across borders. Art. 9.12.5 of the Agreement between Japan and Mongolia for an Economic Partnership, which entered into force in 2016, merely acknowledges the importance of maintaining cross-border information flows as a fundamental component of a dynamic electronic commerce environment. In addition, Art. 9.10 stipulates that neither party shall require: (a) a service supplier of the other party; (b) an investor of the other party; or (c) an investment of an investor of the other party within the territory of the former party, as a condition for conducting its business in that territory, to use or establish computing facilities in that area. This provision does not preclude either party from adopting or maintaining measures regulating the use or location of computing facilities where necessary to achieve a legitimate public policy objective, provided that such measures are not applied in a manner that constitutes arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade.