Venezuela has a copyright regime under the Law No. 4,638. However, the exceptions do not follow the fair use or fair dealing model, therefore limiting the lawful use of copyrighted work by others. Art. 44 outlines these exceptions, which include the use of works by non-profit libraries or archives, provided the copy is part of their permanent collection for preservation and replacement purposes, as well as the use of works for teaching or examination in educational institutions, provided there is no profit motive, among others.

Copyright is not adequately enforced online in Venezuela. Piracy, including online piracy, unauthorised recording of cameras and the widespread use of unlicensed software, remains a persistent problem. There is reportedly concern regarding the lack of adequate and effective intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement in general in the country.

Venezuela has signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty in December 1996, but has not ratified it.

Venezuela has signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty in December 1996, but has not ratified it.

Venezuela has no rules applicable to the protection of trade secrets.

There is an obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in Venezuela to deliver telecom services to end users. It is practised in both the mobile and fixed sectors based on commercial agreements. Art. 125 of the Organic Law on Telecommunications establishes that any person that exclusively or predominantly owns or controls a general telecommunications route must allow access to or use of the same by telecommunications operators that request it when its substitution is not feasible for physical, legal, economic, technical, environmental, security or operational reasons. The same article states that general telecommunications routes are understood to be the elements that allow the placement of the physical means necessary for the provision of telecommunications services in accordance with the requirements of the respective regulations.

Art. 11 of Decree No. 1399 establishes that the President can mandate temporary changes in the bidding process under exceptional circumstances in accordance with economic development plans that promote national development or provide preferences to domestic goods and suppliers. These measures include the reservation of procurements for nationals, although there is no further information on how this reservation would take place.

Art. 11 of Decree No. 1399 grants the President of Venezuela the authority to implement temporary measures aimed at addressing adverse or unfavourable conditions impacting small and medium-sized industries, cooperatives, and other forms of community associations. These measures may include but are not limited to, the establishment of preferential contract amounts or categories, the use of procurement schemes that incorporate goods with national added value, the transfer of technology, and the inclusion of human resources.

Venezuela is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Vanuatu has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

According to Art. 2 of Decision 01 of 2020, local importers need to obtain type approval import permit from the Telecommunications, Radiocommunications & Broadcasting Regulator for the approval of importation, use, and sale of a particular model each time a consignment of relevant equipment is imported to Vanuatu.

It is reported that conformity assessment system in Vanuatu accepts the European documentation and test reports for market access. Homologation procedure in Vanuatu requires neither local laboratory testing nor local representative contact. There are also no additional requirements concerning product labeling.

Vanuatu does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.