Iraq has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Iraq has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

Iraq lacks a comprehensive framework in place that provides effective protection of trade secrets, but there are limited measures addressing some issues related to them. Chapter 3‑bis of the Patents, Industrial Design, Undisclosed Information, Integrated Circuits and Plant Variety Law stipulates that natural and legal persons possess the right to lawfully retain information under their control and to prevent its unauthorised use or disclosure by others. Additionally, two conditions must be met for such information to qualify for protection: first, it must possess commercial value; and second, the owner must undertake substantive measures to maintain its confidentiality.

It is reported that there is an obligation in Iraq to share passive infrastructure for the provision of telecommunications services to end users, and that this is practiced in both the mobile and fixed sectors.

Iraq is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that a decision adopted in 2009 requires Iraqi government agencies to procure goods from State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) unless these entities are unable to meet established quality or quantity standards. Moreover, SOEs may secure tenders if their bids are within 10% of those submitted by competitors. SOEs are exempt from bid and performance bond requirements and benefit from regulatory provisions that favour them over private-sector firms. Foreign companies frequently need to partner with Iraqi firms to participate in tenders. The specific legal instrument underpinning these provisions could not be identified.

It is reported that the public procurement system lacks transparency and is characterised by corruption, with no legal remedies available to unsuccessful bidders.

Iraq is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that, pursuant to Iraqi legislation, foreign ownership in a business enterprise is restricted to a maximum of 49%; however, the specific statutory provision could not be located.

It is reported that representation by an authorised agent is mandatory when the patent applicant is not domiciled in Iraq.

Hungary has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Hungary has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

According to Section 1 of the Domain Registration Policy, domains directly under the “.hu” public domain may be registered by:
(i) individuals who are citizens of the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe, the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), or a neighbouring country of Hungary, or who hold an identification document, passport, or driving licence issued by any of these states;
(ii) individuals holding a residence permit in Hungary; or
(iii) legal entities established, registered, or in the process of registration and operating under the law within the EU, the Council of Europe, the EEA, the EFTA, or a neighbouring country of Hungary.
As stipulated in Section 1.2.2.1 of the Policy, legal entities applying for a domain must provide the Registrar with the chosen domain name, the contact details of the administrative contact person, the postal address, notification e-mail address, telephone number, tax number, and the name of the legal representative.