MONGOLIA
Since October 2013, entry into force in November 2013, last amended in January 2025
Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade |
Indicator Screening of investment and acquisitions
Law on Investment (МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ХУУЛЬ ХӨРӨНГӨ ОРУУЛАЛТЫН ТУХАЙ)
Art. 3.1.5 of the Law on Investment mandates that foreign investors must make a minimum investment of USD 100,000, or its equivalent in tugrik, to establish a business entity. This requirement applies to enterprises in which foreign ownership exceeds 25%. Conversely, Mongolian investors are not subject to any minimum investment threshold.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20250318003704/https://legalinfo.mn/mn/detail?lawId=9491
- https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/TPR/S406R1.pdf&Open=True
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260131161402/https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-investment-climate-statements/mongolia/
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MYANMAR
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Myanmar has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Myanmar has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
Reported in 2022, last reported in 2025
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on online payments
Reported foreign exchange restrictions
It is reported that the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM) imposes foreign exchange restrictions that limit private sector access to foreign currency, thereby constraining commercial activity. In practice, the transfer of funds into or out of Myanmar is subject to severe restrictions arising from the capital outflow controls and foreign currency conversion regulations enforced by the CBM and the Foreign Exchange Supervisory Committee (FESC).
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
Reported in 2023, last reported in 2026
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
Low de minimis threshold
It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is USD 87, below the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260427181741/https://global-express.org/index.php?id=271&act=101&profile_id=-1&countries%5B%5D=-2&search_terms=&question-filter=&qid_34=1&qid_34_optid=1&qid_35=1&qid_36=1...
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231220024306/https://global-express.org/index.php?id=271&act=101&profile_id=-1&countries%5B%5D=-2&search_terms=&question-filter=&qid_34=1&qid_34_optid=1&qid_35=1&qid_36=1...
MYANMAR
Last reported in 2026
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on domain names
Reported restriction on domain registration
It is reported that certain requirements apply to the registration of a ".mm" domain. However, the information currently available online relates to the second-level domains ".com.mm", ".net.mm", ".org.mm", and ".biz.mm". To register a domain under these extensions, the registrant is required to have a company or subsidiary incorporated in Myanmar.
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
Since March 2019, entry into force in March 2019
Since April 2004, last amended in February 2021
Since April 2004, last amended in February 2021
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 9/2019) (စာားသ ားသူကာကွယ်ရ ားဥပရေ)
Law on Electronic Transactions (Law No. 5/2004) (အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆက်သွယ်ဆောင်ရွက်ရေးဥပဒေ (နိုင်ငံတော်အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးကောင်စီ ဥပဒေအမှတ် ၅/ ၂၀၀၄))
Law on Electronic Transactions (Law No. 5/2004) (အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆက်သွယ်ဆောင်ရွက်ရေးဥပဒေ (နိုင်ငံတော်အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးကောင်စီ ဥပဒေအမှတ် ၅/ ၂၀၀၄))
The Consumer Protection Law, the Law on Electronic Transactions, and related legislative instruments establish a comprehensive framework for consumer protection, which extends to transactions conducted online.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20250131010240/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya214098.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20210312110132/https://www.doca.gov.mm/sites/default/files/Consumer%20Protection%20Law.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260518214123/https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/electronic-transactions-law_consolidated_2014-and-2021_en.pdf
- https://unctad.org/topic/ecommerce-and-digital-economy/ecommerce-law-reform/summary-adoption-e-commerce-legislation-worldwide
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260518213627/https://www.vdb-loi.com/mm_publications/consumer-protection-in-digital-services-e-commerce-and-digital-payment-systems-in-myanmar/
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MYANMAR
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Myanmar has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
Since 2014
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Self-certification for product safety
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 28/2014 on Law on standardisation (မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ စံချိန်စံညွှန်း ဥပဒေ ၂၈/၂၀၁၄)
The Law on Standardisation Art. 9 allows foreign departments or organisations to issue a certificate of standard certification and quality recommendation by applying to the department assigned to perform in the matter of standardisation by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Coverage Horizontal
MYANMAR
Since June 2024
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on online payments
Letter No. Ma Ba Bha-1/107 (939/2024) of the Central Bank of Myanmar
Section 3 of Letter No. Ma Ba Bha-1/107 (939/2024), issued by the Central Bank of Myanmar, stipulates the transaction limits applicable to government and private payments conducted through digital payment systems for retail transactions, namely that person-to-person (P2P) payments are subject to a maximum of MMK 1,000,000 (approx. USD 476) per transaction and an aggregate daily limit of MMK 5,000,000 (approx. USD 2,381); person-to-merchant (P2M) payments, including those involving gold shops, electronics retailers, construction material suppliers, and healthcare centres, are subject to a maximum permissible amount of MMK 10,000,000 (approx. USD 4,762) per day; and the maximum balance permitted in a mobile money account is MMK 10,000,000 (approx. USD 4,762), with any excess required to be transferred to a linked bank account on a daily basis.
Coverage Digital payments
Sources
MYANMAR
Since January 2016
Since December 2017, entry into force in August 2018
Since December 2017, entry into force in August 2018
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on online payments
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 20/2016 on Financial Institutions Law
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 29/2017 on Myanmar Companies Act
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 29/2017 on Myanmar Companies Act
According to Art. 26 of the Financial Institutions Law, only local banks are allowed to take part in banking and financial services, including online banking and financial services.
Coverage Financial sector
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220307234626/https://www.dica.gov.mm/sites/dica.gov.mm/files/document-files/final_mcl_english_version_6_dec_president_signed_version_cl.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231130071427/https://www.aseantoday.com/2017/12/myanmar-government-relaxes-foreign-investment-restrictions/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202004/https://cbm.gov.mm/sites/default/files/regulate_launder/financial_institutions_law_updated_by_cbm_20160303website-1_0.pdf
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MYANMAR
Since October 2013, last amended in August 2017
Pillar Domestic data policies |
Indicator Requirement to allow the government to access personal data collected
The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013) (ဆက္သြယ္ေရးဥပေဒ (၂၀၁၃ ခုနွစ္၊ ၿပည္ေထာင္စုဥပေဒလႊတ္ေတာ္ဥပေဒအမွတ္ ၃၁။))
Arts. 75 and 77 of the Telecommunication Law allow the government to intercept, suspend, or obtain any information that threatens national security and the rule of law in the country. The broad provision fails to specify which government agents are authorised to do this and what sort of information specifically constitutes the general terms such as national security.
Coverage Telecommunications Sector
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20210205102231/https://myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/uploads/ecommerce/2019/11/The%20Telecommunications%20Law%202013%20(Eng).pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231215065909/https://ooni.org/post/myanmar-report/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20210923112109/https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Telecommunications-Law-Amendment-EN.pdf
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MYANMAR
Since April 2004, last amended in February 2021
Pillar Domestic data policies |
Indicator Requirement to allow the government to access personal data collected
Electronic Transactions Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 5/2004) (အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆက်သွယ်ဆောင်ရွက်ရေးဥပဒေ)
Art. 4 of the Electronic Transactions Law allows the Government to obtain personal data for purposes related to the stability, tranquillity, and national security of the State. The regulation fails to specify what information constitutes the general terms, such as national security.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
MYANMAR
N/A
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Safe harbour for intermediaries for copyright infringement
Lack of intermediary liability framework in place for copyright infringements
A basic legal framework on intermediary liability for copyright infringement is absent in Myanmar's law and jurisprudence. It is reported that the Telecommunication Law does not explicitly hold intermediaries liable for the content, but some provisions are vague and could feasibly be interpreted to justify content removals.
Coverage Internet intermediaries
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240117170034/https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Electronic-Transaction-Law-Amendment-2021-EN-MM.docx.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220302141533/https://myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/uploads/ecommerce/2019/11/The%20Telecommunications%20Law%202013%20(Eng).pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230220024259/https://myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/uploads/legals/2018/12/Electronic%20Transactions%20Law%202004(English).pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20221011102855/https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Telecommunications-Law-Amendment-EN.pdf
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MYANMAR
N/A
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Safe harbour for intermediaries for any activity other than copyright infringement
Lack of intermediary liability framework in place for copyright infringements
A basic legal framework on intermediary liability beyond copyright infringement is absent in Myanmar's law and jurisprudence. It is reported that the Telecommunication Law does not explicitly hold intermediaries liable for the content, but some provisions are vague and could feasibly be interpreted to justify content removals.
Coverage Internet intermediaries
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240117170034/https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Electronic-Transaction-Law-Amendment-2021-EN-MM.docx.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220302141533/https://myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/uploads/ecommerce/2019/11/The%20Telecommunications%20Law%202013%20(Eng).pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230220024259/https://myanmartradeportal.gov.mm/uploads/legals/2018/12/Electronic%20Transactions%20Law%202004(English).pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20221011102855/https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Telecommunications-Law-Amendment-EN.pdf
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