According to Art. 3 (a) of the Foreign Direct Investment Law, full foreign ownership is allowed. Unless stipulated by international agreements or other special laws, foreign investors are free to make investments and shall be subject to equal treatment as domestic investors.

As of 2019, online media service providers, including on-demand service providers, must obtain a new license for online broadcasting and must be established in Türkiye in accordance with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code.

E-money and e-payment service providers must be licensed by the Central Bank of Türkiye in order to operate in Türkiye. Furthermore, e-money institutions and payment service providers are required to establish their Turkish entities and localise their Turkish businesses by June 2015. The conditions and procedures for foreign payment service providers who wish to provide payment services in Türkiye are currently under review.

According to Art. 171. b of the Decree-law No.551, patent agents entered in the records of the Turkish Patent Institute have the capacity to act before the Institute. The persons domiciled abroad have to be represented by patent agents.

Türkiye is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Türkiye has a copyright regime under Law No. 5846 on Intellectual and Artistic Works. However, the exceptions do not follow the fair use or fair dealing model, therefore limiting the lawful use of copyrighted work by others. Arts. 30-37 list the exceptions, which include the use of the work before the court and other government offices for its proof and as the subject of a proceeding in the absolute security and penalty procedures; the inclusion of some parts of the intellectual and artistic works in the media used for sign, sound or image transmission in relation to daily events, provided that these have the characteristics of an interview; among others.

It is reported that stakeholders encounter high levels of online piracy.

Türkiye has adopted the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Türkiye has adopted the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

Türkiye lacks a comprehensive framework in place that provides effective protection of trade secrets, but there are limited measures addressing some issues related to them. Trade secrets can be protected under the Unfair Competition Provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code and the Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237. Art. 56 of the Commercial Code allows persons who have suffered damages or who may be exposed to the risk of such damage to apply to the competent court for the following:
- Declare whether the defendant's action is unfair;
- Prevent unfair competition;
- Removal of the material condition caused by the action of unfair competition; rectification of statements if wrong or misleading statements commit the unfair competition; and destruction of the means used in the unfair competition action, provided that it is unavoidable to prevent the infringement;
- In the case of a faulty action for compensation of damages, there is a reference to the conditions set forth by Art. 58 of the Turkish Code of Obligations.

It is reported that passive infrastructure sharing in Türkiye to deliver telecom services to end users is mandated, and it is practised both in the mobile and fixed sectors based on commercial agreements.

It is reported that the government maintains substantial shareholdings in various telecommunications companies. Regarding Türk Telekom, 60% of the shares are owned by the Türkiye Wealth Fund and 25% by the Ministry of Treasury and Finance, together accounting for 85% government ownership. Separately, Turkcell represents another company in the sector, in which the Türkiye Wealth Fund owns 26.2% of the shares.

Türkiye does not mandate functional separation for operators with significant market power (SMP) in the telecom market. However, accounting separation is required. SMP operators having accounting separation obligations in relevant markets prepare accounting separation reports annually.

The Regulation on the Implementation of the Turkish Industrial Cooperation Program gives civilian ministries the authority to impose commercial offset requirements in procurement contracts. A foreign company that wins a Turkish government procurement contract may be required to produce a certain percentage locally or with a local partner or transfer technology in order to provide its products and services. It is reported that the Turkish Government has imposed these requirements in the telecom and ICT sectors, among others.