EGYPT
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signature
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Egypt has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
Since April 2004
Since September 2018
Since September 2018
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Law No. 15/2004 on E-Signatures
Law No. 18/2018 on Promulgating Consumer Protection Act
Law No. 18/2018 on Promulgating Consumer Protection Act
Law No. 18/2018 on Promulgating Consumer Protection Act and Law No. 15/2004 on E-Signatures provide a comprehensive consumer protection framework that applies to online transactions.
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Ratification of the UN Convention of Electronic Communications
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Egypt has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
Since September 2016
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Local presence requirement for digital services providers
Law No. 67 of The Year 2016 on Value-added Taxes (VAT)
According to Art. 17 of the Value Added Tax Law, every non-resident and an unregistered person who sells taxable goods or performs services to a person who is not registered inside the country and who does not carry out an activity through a permanent establishment in Egypt must appoint a representative or agent in Egypt.
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
Since 1991
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Restrictions on domain names
Local representative required to register a Top Level Domain name
The Egyptian Universities Network (EUN), part of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Universities, is responsible of managing and operating the ".eg" Top level Domain infrastructure and services, as well as for registering all the academic, educational and Governmental domains under the Arabic TLD (مصر ). It is reported that in the EUN's domain registrations portal, companies that do not have a headquarters in the Arab Republic of Egypt need to have a local representative to register a domain name. Moreover, it is reported that the registered domain name must correspond to either a registered company name or trademark that exists outside of Egypt.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- http://www.eksc.edu.eg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46%3Aeunservices&catid=4%3Aeun&Itemid=164&lang=en
- http://domain.eg/%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%af-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85%d8%a9/%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%84/
- https://web-solutions.eu/com-eg-domain-name-registration.htm
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EGYPT
Since June 2019
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Local presence requirement for digital services providers
The Central Bank of Egypt - Technical Payment Aggregators & Payment Facilitators Regulations In the Arab Republic of Egypt 2019
According to The Central Bank of Egypt - Technical Payment Aggregators & Payment Facilitators Regulations In the Arab Republic of Egypt 2019 on payment services that are provided by Fintech services, technical payment aggregators or payment facilitators, including sub-merchants and sub-contracting activities. Fintech services agreements to be concluded by banks to facilitate electronic payments are subject to subcontracting restrictions unless certain conditions are being met. Among these conditions, there is the requirement to have actual premises in Egypt. Without meeting this condition, the payment operation cannot take place.
Coverage Fintech and online payments services
EGYPT
Since April 2021
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Restrictions on online payments
Central Bank of Egypt Mobile Payments Regulation
The Central Bank of Egypt Mobile Payments Regulation - Version 3, imposes a number of restrictions affecting cross-border payments through cell phone account wallets. In addition, it also restricts foreigners' access to payment services through Egyptian cell phone accounts in the country. The restrictions imposed by the CBE regulations include:
- The opening of cell phone accounts for individual users of the system is limited to those who hold Egyptian citizenship;
- Mobile money transfers are only possible within the Republic of Egypt and in the local currency (Egyptian pounds);
- No exchange of other currencies and no exchange or clearing transactions between customer accounts in other currencies is possible without referring to the Central Bank of Egypt for approval, including transfer controls;
- Service users are allowed to receive transfers from abroad in foreign currencies to add to their Egyptian pound accounts.
- The maximum daily transaction limits allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any purse deductions for individual customers is set at 30,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 970 USD).
The maximum daily transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any e-wallet deductions for corporate clients is 40,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 1294 USD).
- The maximum monthly transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any e-wallet deductions for individual customers is 100,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 3,236 USD).
- The maximum monthly transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any purse deduction for corporate clients is 200,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 6,472 USD).
- The opening of cell phone accounts for individual users of the system is limited to those who hold Egyptian citizenship;
- Mobile money transfers are only possible within the Republic of Egypt and in the local currency (Egyptian pounds);
- No exchange of other currencies and no exchange or clearing transactions between customer accounts in other currencies is possible without referring to the Central Bank of Egypt for approval, including transfer controls;
- Service users are allowed to receive transfers from abroad in foreign currencies to add to their Egyptian pound accounts.
- The maximum daily transaction limits allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any purse deductions for individual customers is set at 30,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 970 USD).
The maximum daily transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any e-wallet deductions for corporate clients is 40,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 1294 USD).
- The maximum monthly transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any e-wallet deductions for individual customers is 100,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 3,236 USD).
- The maximum monthly transaction limit allowed for withdrawals, transfers, and any purse deduction for corporate clients is 200,000 Egyptian Pounds (approx. 6,472 USD).
Coverage Mobile Payments
Sources
- https://www.cbe.org.eg/-/media/project/cbe/listing/circulars/payments-regulations/3rd-version-mobile-wallet-april21.pdf
- https://www.cbe.org.eg/_layouts/download.aspx?SourceUrl=%2Fen%2FPaymentSystems%2FRegulationsDL%2FMobile%20Payments%203rd%20Ver.%20of%20Regulations%20Including%20Digital%20Lending%20%26%20Saving%20regu...
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2021/04/21/cbe-approves-3rd-edition-rules-for-mobile-wallet-payment-services/
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EGYPT
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
Lack of de minimis threshold
Egypt does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties. However, it is reported that there is an informal threshold of USD 400.
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
Since 2008
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Sub-pillar Limits on e-commerce purchases
Ministerial Decree No. 294 of 2008, amending the executive regulation of Law No. 16 of 1970 regulating the postal system
The Ministerial Decree No. 294 of 2008 introduced an amendment to the executive regulation of the Law No. 16 of 1970 regulating the Postal System in Egypt. The amendment includes a definition for "Express Delivery Services" and states that the Egyptian National Post Organization (ENPO) may grant special authorization to foreign-owned private courier and express delivery service suppliers wishing to perform this service in its place and operate in Egypt.
It is also reported that ENPO requires private express delivery operators to pay a postal agency fee of 10% of annual revenue on shipments of less than 20 kilograms (approximately 44 lbs.). ENPO imposes an additional fee on private couriers and express delivery services of 5 EGP (approximately USD 0.30) on all shipments under 5 kilograms (approximately 11 lbs.).
It is also reported that ENPO requires private express delivery operators to pay a postal agency fee of 10% of annual revenue on shipments of less than 20 kilograms (approximately 44 lbs.). ENPO imposes an additional fee on private couriers and express delivery services of 5 EGP (approximately USD 0.30) on all shipments under 5 kilograms (approximately 11 lbs.).
Coverage Courier and Express Delivery Services
EGYPT
Since August 2018
Since February 2020
Since February 2020
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Restrictions on encryption standards
Law No. 180/2018 Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCMR)
Cabinet Resolution No. 418 of 2020
Cabinet Resolution No. 418 of 2020
Art. 72 of Law No. 180 of 2018 Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation, grants the right to establish and license encrypted satellites and digital platforms in Egypt exclusively to the Supreme Council”. The license is issued after the approval of the National Telecommunications Regulatory Authority. The article also stipulates that granting the license is only possible for state-owned companies.
Coverage Encrypted satellites and digital platforms
EGYPT
Since February 2003
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Restrictions on encryption standards
Egypt Telecommunication Regulation Law - Law No. 10 of 2003
Art. 64 of Law No.10 of 2003 on Telecommunication Regulations prohibits the use of any telecommunication service encryption equipment without written authorisation from the National Telecom Regulatory Authority (NTRA), the armed forces and national security entities. It is reported that, in practice, there are widespread restrictions when it comes to encryption with the absence of a general right to encryption in its legislations and regulations.
Coverage Telecommunication sector
EGYPT
Since February 2003
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Product screening and additional testing requirements
Egypt Telecommunication Regulation Law - Law No. 10 of 2003
Art. 44 of Egypt's Telecommunications Law No. 10 of 2003, prohibits the import, manufacture or assembly of any telecommunication equipment without a licence from the National Telecom Regulatory Authority (NTRA) according to the standards and specifications approved by it. Type Approval is required for all wired and wireless telecommunication equipment (for example, terminal telecommunication equipment like fixed and mobile phones, camera with a network interface, public and private exchanges, network communication equipment like routers and switches, Satellite Communication equipment and RADAR) before entering the Egyptian market except a few types of equipment for which Type Approval is optional (for example, personal computers, laptops and home appliances).
The applicable requirements may differ depending on the applicant’s/manufacturer’s country of origin. The NTRA’s regulations state four categories of approval, depending on the country of origin:
- Light Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from Western Europe, Australia, Canada, Japan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan or the USA - also designated as "privileged countries");
- Tight Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from China or India);
- Guided Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from Egypt);
- Intermediate Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from any country that has not been listed).
NTRA’s compliance testing activities must be based on 2014/53/EU RED and/or FCC test reports performed at any laboratory, also abroad. The validity of the NTRA’s approval certificate is indefinite and the overall approval process can take approximately 8 weeks. However, if the applicant’s/manufacturer’s country of origin is India or China, it can take up to 12 weeks.
The applicable requirements may differ depending on the applicant’s/manufacturer’s country of origin. The NTRA’s regulations state four categories of approval, depending on the country of origin:
- Light Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from Western Europe, Australia, Canada, Japan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan or the USA - also designated as "privileged countries");
- Tight Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from China or India);
- Guided Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from Egypt);
- Intermediate Scheme (for applicants/manufacturers from any country that has not been listed).
NTRA’s compliance testing activities must be based on 2014/53/EU RED and/or FCC test reports performed at any laboratory, also abroad. The validity of the NTRA’s approval certificate is indefinite and the overall approval process can take approximately 8 weeks. However, if the applicant’s/manufacturer’s country of origin is India or China, it can take up to 12 weeks.
Coverage Telecommunication equipment
Sources
- https://www.tra.gov.eg/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Law-No-10-of-2003.pdf
- https://www.tra.gov.eg/en/regulations/type-approval/type-approval-procedure/
- https://www.appluslaboratories.com/global/en/what-we-do/service-sheet/egypt-radio-type-approval-(ntra)
- https://www.tralac.org/images/docs/12751/wto-trade-policy-review-egypt-report-by-the-secretariat-january-2018.pdf
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EGYPT
Reported in April 2021
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Self-certification for product safety
SDoC allowed for foreign business
It is reported that the conformity assessment procedure for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) / electromagnetic interference (EMI) relies on the Supplier's Declaration of Conformity (SDoC). In particular, the supplier or manufacturer of the equipment declares the equipment meets the technical and administrative requirements on basis of test reports by a testing laboratory recognized by the regulator. The test reports are submitted to the regulator and type approval for the equipment is required based on the documents submitted. No local testing is required. The testing labs recognized are those recognized by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and European Commission (EC).
Coverage Horizontal
EGYPT
Since August 2018
Since February 2020
Since February 2020
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Export restrictions on ICT goods, products and online services
Law No. 180/2018 Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCMR)
Cabinet Resolution No. 418 of 2020
Cabinet Resolution No. 418 of 2020
Art. 22 of the Cabinet's Resolution No. 418 stipulates that the provision of content transfer services (whether recorded or live broadcast) is not permissible from within the Arab Republic of Egypt to a media outlet or a website operating from outside the Republic, except after obtaining a license from the Supreme Council for Media Regulation and in accordance with the rules and conditions the Authority sets.
Coverage Recorded or live broadcast content
EGYPT
Since February 2003
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods, products and online services |
Sub-pillar Open and transparent standard-setting process
Egypt Telecommunication Regulation Law - Law No. 10 of 2003
The Board of Directors of the National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority (NTRA) lacks foreign participation based on its composition regulated by Article 12 of Egypt Telecommunication Law. The Board has sets standards of telecom equipment.
Coverage Telecommunications sector