According to Art. 39.4 of the Public Procurement Act, a procuring entity must use open international bidding when goods, works, or non-consulting services are not competitively available from at least three suppliers within the Republic of Zambia. Furthermore, Art. 39.5 stipulates that participation in open international bidding is open to all bidders, including citizen bidders, local bidders, and foreign bidders partnered with citizen bidders or citizen suppliers. Foreign bidders participating under Subsection 5 are required to partner with a citizen supplier or citizen bidder.

According to Art. 41 of the Public Procurement Act, procuring entities must use open national selection as the default method for procuring consulting services. However, open international selection must be used in cases where (i) consulting services are not competitively available from at least three suppliers within the Republic of Zambia; (ii) regional or international participation is required under an agreement entered into by the Government; or (iii) the procuring entity operates in a specialised industry, and the consulting services needed are of a specialised nature.

Section 91 of the Public Procurement Act establishes a preference and reservation scheme for citizens or local suppliers, as well as bidders offering goods, works, or services with local content. Certain procurement opportunities are also reserved for target groups, including SMEs, women, youths, and persons with disabilities. Additionally, greater preference is granted to joint ventures or associations involving citizens or local suppliers than to foreign suppliers subcontracting them. The margin of preference to be applied is not predetermined; instead, it is set by the Public Procurement Authority in collaboration with the Citizens' Economic Empowerment Commission and other relevant government departments and statutory bodies in each tender procedure.

Yemen has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

It is reported that the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (MoTIT) requires foreign test reports, including electromagnetic compatibility results such as CE reports, as part of its mandatory type-approval process for products entering the Yemeni market and complying with local telecommunications and safety requirements. Approval is based on the review of these foreign test reports, and Yemen is understood to accept documentation demonstrating compliance with the EU Radio Equipment Directive, together with CE declarations of conformity, as sufficient evidence. Although a declaration of conformity must be submitted, in-country testing is reportedly not required. The categories of devices subject to MoTIT type approval include mobile and cellular devices, mobile wireless communication equipment, radio-frequency devices, Internet of Things products, wireless-enabled consumer electronics, GPS units, wearable technologies and short-range devices. However, the specific legislative instrument containing these requirements has not been identified.

Yemen does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Yemen does not have a specific law regulating domain name registration. In practice, domain name administration is handled by TeleYemen, a state-owned company supervised by the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (MoTIT), which manages the “.ye” country-code top-level domain (ccTLD). It is reported that registration of a “.ye” domain requires a local presence in the country, which may be arranged through authorised local representatives or specialised registration services for applicants based abroad.

Law No. 46 of 2008 on Consumer Protection provides a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions. According to Art. 4 of the Law, its provisions apply to all transactions and contracts related to goods and services offered through both traditional and modern means of trade, including electronic commerce that involves the processing and transfer of electronic data and information via computers, email, telegram, fax, photocopying, the Internet, or any other newly developed means recognised internationally or locally.

Yemen has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Yemen has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

According to Art. 3 of the Telecommunications Law No. 38 of 1991, the Ministry of Communications is mandated to license and authorise any natural or legal person to import materials and equipment used in communications networks.

According to Art. 21 of the Labour Law, the number of non-Yemeni workers hired by any employer may not exceed 10% of the total number of Yemeni employees. The Minister has the power to adjust this percentage, either upward or downward, as deemed necessary and in accordance with policies approved by the Council of Ministers.

Pursuant to Art. 3 of the Telecommunications Law No. 38 of 1991, the Ministry of Communications is responsible for licensing and authorising any natural or legal person to export materials and equipment used in communications networks.

According to Art. 19 of the Foreign Trade Law, individuals or entities engaged in export activities must hold a valid commercial registration under the export category and possess a valid membership card from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. It is reported that the high costs and lengthy procedures associated with registration and export licensing impose a considerable bureaucratic burden on export-oriented businesses, particularly on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

A basic legal framework on intermediary liability for copyright infringement is absent in Yemen's law and jurisprudence.