There is no restriction on foreign ownership. According to Art. 9 of the Investment Promotion and Facilitation Law, foreign investors are allowed to invest and purchase shares in an investment entity in Rwanda and receive the same treatment as Rwandan investors in terms of investment incentives and facilitation.
In this regard, Rwanda has neither statutory limits on foreign ownership or control nor any official economic or industrial strategy that discriminates against foreign investors. Local and foreign investors have the right to own and establish business enterprises in all forms of remunerative activity.

According to Art. 6 of Law No. 007/2021 of 05/02/2021 Governing Companies, a company must have at least one director who resides in Rwanda.

Under Art. 17 of the Law on Investment Promotion and Facilitation, commercial entities seeking to invest in Rwanda are required to submit an investment registry application to the Investment Board. The application must include several key documents, including a completed registration form, a certificate of incorporation, and a comprehensive business plan. The business plan must detail the project’s name, an action plan, the projected commencement date, the sourcing of raw materials, the financing or assets to be obtained from abroad, a market survey, plans for technology and knowledge transfer, and five-year income projections. Additionally, the application must include an environmental impact assessment certificate, projected employment numbers and categories, proof of payment of a non-refundable registration fee, and a license from the relevant business sector in which the investor intends to operate. The Investment Board reviews the application, and if any documents are missing, the application will be rejected, with written reasons for rejection provided within two working days. If the application is complete and meets the necessary requirements, the Board will issue an "investment certificate," which is valid for five years.

It is reported that investors encounter challenges in registering patents and having rules against infringement of their property rights enforced promptly due to weak enforcement of patents' rights, stemming from inadequate capacity and knowledge of intellectual property law by the justice sector.

Rwanda is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Law No. 055/2024 on the Protection of Intellectual Property establishes a clear framework for copyright exceptions, following the fair use model. This allows the lawful use of copyrighted works by others without the need for permission. Arts. 291–304 of the law detail these exceptions, which include, among others, private reproduction, temporary reproduction, quotation, reproduction by libraries, use for judicial purposes, importation for personal use, and reproduction for individuals with visual or other disabilities. Additionally, Section 4.7 of the Guidelines for Intellectual Property Registration underscores that the fair use doctrine permits the use of limited portions of a work—such as quotes—for purposes like commentary, criticism, news reporting, and scholarly research. This provision enables the use of protected works for educational, critical, and journalistic purposes without requiring consent from the rights holder. Prior to the enactment of Law No. 055/2024, the Guidelines for Intellectual Property Registration complemented Law No. 31/2009 on the Protection of Intellectual Property, particularly Arts. 203–215, which outlined limitations on economic rights, including a comprehensive list of copyright limitations and exceptions.

Rwanda has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Rwanda has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

Law No. 055/2024 on the Protection of Intellectual Property provides a framework for the effective protection of trade secrets. According to Art. 276, any act or practice, in the course of industrial or commercial activities, that results in the disclosure, acquisition, or use by others of secret information without the consent of the rightful holder and in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices constitutes an act of unfair competition. Under Art. 277 of the Law, an intellectual property owner harmed, or likely to be harmed, by an act of unfair competition has the right to initiate civil proceedings before the competent court or to request the cessation of such an act where, through an act contrary to honest industrial and commercial use, a manufacturer, trader, producer, or craftsman damages his or her credibility, takes away his or her customers, or harms his or her capacity for competition. Furthermore, as specified in Art. 380, any person who performs an act of unfair competition with respect to intellectual property commits an offence. Upon conviction, he or she is liable to a fine of not less than FRW 7,000,000 (approx. USD 5,300) but not more than FRW 10,000,000 (approx. USD 7,600).

Chapter 8 of the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law establishes a comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection, expressly applicable to online transactions.

Qatar has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Qatar has enacted national legislation, namely the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law, which is derived from or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Qatar has enacted national legislation, namely the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law, which is derived from or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

It is reported that the Government of Qatar requires providers of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to obtain a licence; however, such licences are granted solely to companies intending to establish operations within Qatar. It is also reported that this requirement constitutes a significant barrier to entry for foreign or Internet-based service providers, with Ooredoo and Vodafone Qatar remaining the only authorised VoIP providers in the country, both being majority-owned by state-controlled entities.

Under Art. 68 of Decree-Law No. 34 of 2006, importing telecommunications devices for commercial purposes requires a licence issued by the Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA). Non-compliance with this requirement is punishable by up to one year of imprisonment and a fine of up to QAR 20,000 (approx. USD 5,500). The CRA implements this via its Import Authorisation Licence and type-approval regime.