Database

Browse Database

EGYPT

Since 1982

Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade  |  Indicator Nationality/residency requirement for directors or managers
Executive Regulations of the Joint Stock Companies, Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies Law No. 159 of 1981
اللائحة التنفيذية لقانون الشركات المساهمة وشركات التوصية بالاسهم والشركات ذات المسئولية رقم 159 لسنة 1981
According to Art. 281 of the Executive regulations of the Companies Law, at least one manager of a limited liability company must be a national.
Coverage Horizontal
"SELECT DISTINCT(post_id) FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'score' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.1') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.2') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.3')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
[{"post_id":"92854"},{"post_id":"92855"},{"post_id":"92856"}]
"SELECT meta_value FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'impact' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.1') OR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.2')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
"SELECT meta_value FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'score' AND\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'country' AND meta_value = 'EG')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAND (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id IN (SELECT post_id FROM prj_12_postmeta WHERE meta_key = 'subchapter' AND meta_value = '1.3')\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t)"
ITA: [{"meta_value":"0.50"}]

EGYPT

ITA signatory? I II

Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on ICT goods  |  Indicator Effective tariff rate on ICT goods (applied weighted average)
Effective tariff rate to ICT goods (applied weighted average)
1.52%
Coverage rate of zero-tariffs on ICT goods (%)
69.84%
Coverage: ICT goods

EGYPT

N/A

Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on ICT goods  |  Indicator Participation in the WTO Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and 2015 expansion (ITA II)
Lack of participation in Information Technology Agreement Expansion Agreement (ITA II)
Egypt is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996, but is not a signatory of its 2015 expansion (ITA II).
Coverage ICT goods

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة
According to Art. 75 of Law No. 182 of 2018, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt are entitled to secure at least 20% of available government contracts annually. This right was also established under the previous legislation, Tenders Law No. 89 of 1998.
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة
Art. 59 of Law No. 182 of 2018 allows "local tenders" in which only Egyptian companies of a certain governorate can participate. This applies when the total price of the tender does not exceed EGP 2 million (approx. 127,000 USD).
Coverage Horizontal

EGYPT

Since October 2018

Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 182 of 2018: Regulating Contracts Concluded by Public Entities
قانون رقم ١٨٢ لسنة ٢٠١٨ بإصدار قانون تنظيم التعاقدات التي تبرمها الجهات العامة
Art. 35 of Law No. 182 of 2018 accords price preference to products that satisfy the percentage of Egyptian industrial components if their value exceeds that of the lowest unsatisfying product within the maximum of 15%. The article also stipulates that the bid submitted for services or technical works shall be considered the lowest price if its value is 15% (or less) higher than the value of the lowest foreign bid.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

Since March 2000, last amended in May 2025

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator Restrictions on online payments
Banque du Liban Basic Decision No. 7548 - Electronic Financial and Banking Operations
القرار الأساسي رقم ٧٥٤٨ تاريخ ٣٠/٣/٢٠٠٠ المتعلق بالعمليات المالية والمصرفية بالوسائل الإلكترونية.
Art. 3 of Basic Decision No. 7548 regulates banking and financial operations conducted through applications or software installed on mobile or fixed electronic devices, stipulating that such transactions using bank cards and/or accounts of customers from different banks are permissible only within defined limits. Each customer may transmit, via a single application, no more than LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month for transactions in Lebanese pounds, and USD 300 per day and USD 3,000 per month, or their equivalent in other foreign currencies approved by the Banque du Liban Clearing House, for transactions in US dollars or other authorised currencies. Similarly, the total amount received by each customer shall not exceed LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month in Lebanese pounds, and USD 600 per day and USD 6,000 per month, or their equivalent in approved foreign currencies. The Banque du Liban may exceptionally authorise higher ceilings for legal persons such as merchants, industrialists, or self-employed professionals. Service providers offering such operations may also integrate an electronic wallet (e-wallet) service into these applications, subject to additional restrictions: for natural persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 10,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 3,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds; for legal commercial persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 50,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 30,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
Lack of de minimis threshold
Lebanon does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

Since February 2021

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator Restrictions on domain names
LBDR Domain Name Registration Policy and Procedures
Section 5 of the "LBDR Domain Name Registration Policy and Procedures" states that the Lebanese Domain Registry (LBDR) does not currently permit direct registration under the ".lb" top-level domain, although it reserves the right to revise this policy. Consequently, companies seeking to operate with a local domain must register a second-level domain name (e.g., “.com.lb”). Regarding the second-level domains, Section 6.5 requires registrants for "com.lb", "edu.lb", "net.lb", "org.lb" and "gov.lb" to maintain a Lebanese postal address, while Section 6.8 specifies that individual applicants must hold a valid Lebanese identity document, although registration for private individuals is not yet supported. The creation of a dedicated category for such applicants remains under consideration by the LBDR.
Under Section 7.4, the LBDR may, in exceptional circumstances, require additional documentation to verify the registrant’s identity. Such documentation may include, but is not limited to: valid identification (national ID or passport), a power of attorney, a trademark certificate, a recent commercial circular, attestations of appointment or election within an organisation, and proof of postal address.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

Since October 2018
Since February 2005

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Law No. 81 of 10 October 2018 on Electronic Transaction and Personal Data
قانون رقم 81 المعاملات الالكترونية و البيانات ذات الطابع الشخصي

Law No. 659/2005 of 4 February 2005, on Consumer Protection
قانون حماية المستهلك رقم 659 الصادر في 4 فبراير 2005 والمعدل بموجب القانون رقم 265 المؤرخ 15 أبريل 2014
The Law on Consumer Protection, together with the Law on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, establishes a comprehensive legal framework for safeguarding consumer rights, which is equally applicable to digital and online commercial activities.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lebanon has signed but not ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

N/A

Pillar Online sales and transactions  |  Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal

LEBANON

Reported in 2019, last reported in 2024

Pillar Content access  |  Indicator Blocking or filtering of commercial web content
Reported blocking of web services and applications
It is reported that the LGBT+ dating application Grindr, initially blocked in 2019 on Alfa and Touch, which are the two primary mobile network operators in Lebanon, remained inaccessible throughout 2024. Also, in 2020, the judiciary ordered the Ministry of Telecommunications to block applications accused of spreading false information about unofficial currency exchange rates, and during this process Google’s Firebase service was also blocked. In 2021, OGERO, the state-owned telecommunications provider, and several private internet service providers extended these measures to platforms offering unofficial currency exchanges. It remains uncertain whether these restrictions persisted into 2024.
Coverage Grindr, Google's Firebase and other applications and platforms

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