The Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Order No. 03-05 does not provide any fair use/fair dealing model for copyright exceptions. However, Arts. 33-53 provide a list of wide exceptions. These include: materials that are printed, audio, audio-visual or any other form prepared for school or university education; work converted for personal or family purposes; usage of decorative or illustrative drawing of a literary or artistic work in a publication, in an audio or audio video recording or in audio or audio video programs meant for teaching or professional training as long as it is intended to achieve the targeted purpose; free acting or performing of a work; libraries and document keeping centers, not aiming at making direct or indirect commercial profits, can reproduce a work without the author’s or right owner’s permission in response to a request from another library or document keeping center, or to maintain the work’s copy, or to compensate a damaged, lost or void one; and mass media institutions reproducing, circulating or conveying to the public articles on daily events published by newspapers, radio or television, without permission from the author or reward to him, provided that the author and the source are indicated, unless there is an express provision prohibiting its use for such purposes.

Algeria is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

Art. 59 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that, in instances where national production or national production facilities are capable of satisfying the contracting authority's requirements, the latter is obliged to issue a national invitation to tender. Furthermore, Art. 60 stipulates when the contracting authority initiates a national and/or international tender process, regardless of the chosen procedure, the contracting authority must include specifications in the tender documentation that permit the use of imported products only in instances where the equivalent local product is unavailable or of a quality that does not comply with the technical standards required. Additionally, the contracting authority must only permit the use of foreign subcontractors when domestic companies are unable to meet the contracting authority's needs.
The aforementioned requirements were already in force in Art. 85 of Presidential Decree No. 15-247 since 2015, which is still in force pending the adoption of a regulation for Law No. 23-12.

Art. 62 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that a preference margin is granted to products of Algerian origin and/or to companies under Algerian law whose capital is majority-owned by resident nationals. Art. 111 provides that the terms of application of the provisions of this Law shall be defined by regulation. However, a regulation has not yet been adopted and, according to Art. 112, the previous provisions shall remain applicable until the adoption of the new regulatory texts. Consequently, the margin of preference is granted at a rate of 25%, in accordance with Art. 83 of Presidential Decree No. 15/247 since 2015.

Art. 82 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that foreign companies that submit bids alone unless there are compelling reasons to do otherwise, must subcontract at least 30% of the initial contract amount to companies that are legally domiciled in Algeria. The aforementioned requirement was already in force in Art. 85 of Presidential Decree No. 15/247 since 2015, which is still in force pending the adoption of a regulation for Law No. 23-12.

Art. 58 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that contracting authorities must reserve a maximum of 20% of contracts for small or micro-enterprises, start-ups, or any entity designated as such.

Art. 64 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that the specifications for international calls for competition must provide foreign bidders or subcontractors with a minimum threshold of professional integration of the national workforce and qualified national executives.

Art. 60 of Law No. 23-12 stipulates that when the contracting authority initiates a national and/or international competitive tender process, it must include a system to guarantee the provision of training and the transfer of technology and know-how in relation to the subject of the contract.

Algeria is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), nor does it have observer status, as it is not a member of the WTO.

Art. 4 of the Law on Audiovisual Activity restricts the operation of online audiovisual services to Algerian legal entities whose share capital is held exclusively by Algerian natural persons or by Algerian legal entities composed entirely of Algerian shareholders, thereby excluding any form of foreign ownership or participation.

Bahrain has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

In accordance with Law No. 81 of 2006 with respect to Approving the Common Industrial Law of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Bahrain imposes a regime for import licensing for certain products. Importers of several products must obtain an industrial licence from the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism (MoICT), which can be issued only to a firm or an individual resident in Bahrain. It is valid for one year (renewable) and is transferable between importers. This requirement applies to importers of several products, including electric motors, generators, transformers, and electricity distribution and control apparatus; batteries and accumulators; wiring and wiring devices; electric lighting equipment; domestic appliances, other electric equipment; and machinery and equipment.

Self-certification is allowed in Bahrain for radio transmission, electromagnetic interference (EMI) or electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The country allows foreign companies to self-certify that they comply with these standards, through a Supplier Declaration of Conformity (SDoC). It is reported that, when applying for equipment type approval, the submission must include a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, together with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and radio-frequency safety test reports issued by an internationally accredited telecommunications laboratory. These documents shall support the conformity assessment and be accompanied by a detailed technical description of the equipment and its associated units, including the frequencies that may be tuned or utilised.

Arts. 1 and 2 of Decision No. 51 of 2024 authorise engagement in the commercial activities enumerated in Table No. 1 through a virtual commercial store, subject to assessment by the competent directorate of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the nature of the activity for which the licence is sought; applicants must be Bahraini nationals, operate exclusively as a sole proprietorship, and provide a permanent correspondence address. Art. 4 requires licence holders conducting online sales to maintain an operational website and prohibits them from trading in any products listed in Table No. 2, while Art. 5 forbids the recruitment of foreign labour for licensed activities. Table No. 1 includes, among others, online sales.