According to Art. 108 bis (1) of the Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 16 of 2019, in tenders valued at less than QAR 5,000,000 (approx. USD 1.37 million), the contracting government entity may restrict participation to micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) that are duly classified by the competent ministry.
Additionally, pursuant to the same article, in tenders valued below QAR 1,000,000 (approx. USD 275,000), national micro-sized enterprises are exempted from the requirement to provide tender and performance bonds.

According to Art. 33 of the Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 16 of 2019, tender conditions and draft contracts concluded with non-Qatari companies for the provision of services within Qatar (excluding consultancy services) must include a clause requiring such companies to rely on local markets for no less than 30% of the total contract value. This requirement applies without affecting the technical conditions and specifications upon which the contract was awarded. The stipulated percentage encompasses expenditures on raw materials, locally manufactured products, and services provided by local companies in the performance of the contract.

According to Art. 2 of Law No. 6 of 1987, in tenders, national products are granted a 10% price preference over similar foreign products and a 5% price preference over similar products of national origin. In cases where a national product is not available, products of national origin are afforded a 10% price preference over comparable foreign products.
For the purposes of this provision, national products refer to goods produced within the State of Qatar and recognised as national or local products under Qatari law. Products of national origin are defined as goods in which the value added through production in a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member state constitutes at least 40% of the final value upon completion of production, and where at least 51% of the ownership of the producing facility is held by GCC citizens, as certified by a certificate of origin.

Qatar is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA).

According to Art. 2 of Law No. 1 of 2019 on Regulating Non-Qatari Capital Investment in Economic Activity, non-Qatari investors may invest in all economic sectors, with capital ownership of up to 100%, in accordance with the Minister of Commerce and Industry Decision No. 44 of 2020 issuing the Executive Regulations of the Law. Although the legislation specifies certain sectors excluded from foreign participation - such as banking and insurance, commercial agencies, and any other activities determined by a decision of the Council of Ministers - none of these restrictions are directly relevant to digital trade.

Pursuant to Art. 3 of Law No. 1 of 2019 on the Regulation of Non-Qatari Capital Investment in Economic Activities, foreign investors seeking to acquire more than 49% of a company’s capital must submit an application to the competent department responsible for regulating the relevant sector.
Sections 2 and 3 of the Minister of Commerce and Industry Decision No. 44 of 2020, which issues the Executive Regulations of the Law, provide that eligible projects must fall within the list of permitted activities for non-Qatari investors. Non-Qatari investors are required to submit a detailed description of the project, a business and financial plan, and a written undertaking to assume all obligations arising from the project and to commence operations within the period specified by the competent authority, failing which the approval shall be deemed void.
In addition, Art. 7 of Law No. 1 of 2019 permits non-Qatari investors to own up to 49% of the share capital in Qatari joint-stock companies listed on the stock exchange, subject to the Ministry’s approval of the proposed ownership level in the company’s articles of association and statute. Ownership beyond this limit may be authorised by the Council of Ministers upon the recommendation of the Minister of Commerce and Industry.

According to Art. 5 of the Patent Law, only natural or legal persons - whether Qatari or non-Qatari - who are nationals of, or have a real and effective industrial or commercial establishment in a World Trade Organization (WTO) member state or in a country that grants reciprocal treatment to Qatar, are eligible to apply for a patent with the Patent Office and obtain the resulting rights in accordance with the provisions of the Law. Moreover, it is reported that an agent must be appointed to act on the behalf of non-resident applicants for patents.

Lebanon has signed but not ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Art. 3 of Basic Decision No. 7548 regulates banking and financial operations conducted through applications or software installed on mobile or fixed electronic devices, stipulating that such transactions using bank cards and/or accounts of customers from different banks are permissible only within defined limits. Each customer may transmit, via a single application, no more than LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month for transactions in Lebanese pounds, and USD 300 per day and USD 3,000 per month, or their equivalent in other foreign currencies approved by the Banque du Liban Clearing House, for transactions in US dollars or other authorised currencies. Similarly, the total amount received by each customer shall not exceed LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month in Lebanese pounds, and USD 600 per day and USD 6,000 per month, or their equivalent in approved foreign currencies. The Banque du Liban may exceptionally authorise higher ceilings for legal persons such as merchants, industrialists, or self-employed professionals. Service providers offering such operations may also integrate an electronic wallet (e-wallet) service into these applications, subject to additional restrictions: for natural persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 10,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 3,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds; for legal commercial persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 50,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 30,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds.

Lebanon does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Section 5 of the "LBDR Domain Name Registration Policy and Procedures" states that the Lebanese Domain Registry (LBDR) does not currently permit direct registration under the ".lb" top-level domain, although it reserves the right to revise this policy. Consequently, companies seeking to operate with a local domain must register a second-level domain name (e.g., “.com.lb”). Regarding the second-level domains, Section 6.5 requires registrants for "com.lb", "edu.lb", "net.lb", "org.lb" and "gov.lb" to maintain a Lebanese postal address, while Section 6.8 specifies that individual applicants must hold a valid Lebanese identity document, although registration for private individuals is not yet supported. The creation of a dedicated category for such applicants remains under consideration by the LBDR.
Under Section 7.4, the LBDR may, in exceptional circumstances, require additional documentation to verify the registrant’s identity. Such documentation may include, but is not limited to: valid identification (national ID or passport), a power of attorney, a trademark certificate, a recent commercial circular, attestations of appointment or election within an organisation, and proof of postal address.

The Law on Consumer Protection, together with the Law on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, establishes a comprehensive legal framework for safeguarding consumer rights, which is equally applicable to digital and online commercial activities.

A basic legal framework on intermediary liability beyond copyright infringement is absent in Lebanon's law and jurisprudence. Nevertheless, Arts. 69 and 70 of Law No. 81 of 10 October 2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data stipulate that network service providers are not bound to monitor information, and must promptly remove or block access to information they send or store temporarily upon the sender’s request or pursuant to a decision issued by a competent court, under penalty of law. Similarly, data hosts are required to remove or disable access to such information immediately once they become aware of its unlawful nature.