Under Art. 37 of the General Administrative Code, as amended by Art. 1 of the Law of Georgia No. 2542 (On Adding Amendments to the General Administrative Code), public institutions are required to share personal data or commercial secrets with another public institution upon a written request, if necessary to resolve a specific issue. In such cases, the requesting institution must obtain and provide written consent from the individual whose personal data or commercial secrets are being disclosed.
Additionally, under Art. 99, an interested party in administrative proceedings is entitled to access case materials, except for intra-agency documents related to the preparation of an individual administrative act. If the interest in accessing these materials outweighs confidentiality concerns, documents containing commercial secrets may be disclosed, provided such access is authorised by law or a court decision. Copies of these materials may only be provided under similar legal or judicial authorisation.
Although the law does not explicitly mention algorithms or source codes, Art. 27.1 provides a broad definition of commercial secrets. This includes any information about a plan, formula, process, or means of commercial value, or any other information used for manufacturing, preparation, or processing of goods, rendering of services, and/or information that represents a novelty or significant technical achievement, and other information that may prejudice the competitiveness of a person if disclosed.

Georgia has a comprehensive framework regulating trade secrets, established by several laws. According to the General Administrative Code (Art. 27), a commercial secret is defined as information that, if disclosed, could harm the competitive position of an entity and is thus protected from such disclosure. The Civil Code (Art. 1105) grants entrepreneurs exclusive rights over technological, organisational, or commercial information, ensuring its confidentiality. The Criminal Code (Art. 202) imposes penalties for the illegal collection, disclosure, or use of commercial secrets. Additionally, the Constitution of Georgia (Art. 18) guarantees that public institutions protect commercial and professional secrets.

There is an obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in Georgia to deliver telecom services to end users. Art. 19 of Law No. 1514 stipulates that an authorised person may request a provider of a public electronic communication network to provide access and/or interconnection to the relevant elements of its network. Furthermore, Art. 34 mandates that an authorised person with significant market power who owns an electronic communication network shall ensure unrestricted, transparent and non-discriminatory access to the relevant elements, technical facilities of its network, and other types of electronic communication services.
In addition, in 2023, Georgia adopted the Law of Georgia on Sharing Telecommunication Infrastructure and Physical Infrastructure Applicable for Telecommunication Purposes, which establishes a mandatory infrastructure-sharing framework. Under this framework, infrastructure operators must provide authorised persons with access to passive physical infrastructure, including ducts, masts, manholes, buildings, towers, and poles, on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms. Art. 3(d) defines “physical infrastructure” as any non-active element of a network intended to host or install other network elements, and it enumerates typical passive assets, including pipes, masts, channels, inspection and maintenance manholes, booths, buildings and building entrances, interface points, antenna assemblies, towers, and poles.

Georgia mandates functional and accounting separation for operators with significant market power (SMP) in the telecom market. Art. 29 (c) of Law No. 1514 provides that the National Communications Commission of Georgia may, by decision, impose on an authorised entity with significant market power the obligation to maintain separate records of expenditure and income in accordance with the methodological rules approved by the Commission. Furthermore, Art. 34.8 stipulates that, by decision of the Commission, an electronic communications network operator must ensure the separation of the functional resources of the relevant elements of its network, upon a reasonable request by an interested authorised entity. Additionally, Art. 27.6 establishes that the Commission may require an operator with significant market power resulting from a merger to ensure functional separation, meaning the division of functionally separated structural units into separate legal entities.

Georgia is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 and its 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Georgia is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). However, the country has been an observer of the WTO GPA since 1999.

According to Art. 3(1) of the Law of Georgia on Promotion and Guarantees of Investment Activity, the rights and guarantees of foreign investors may not be less than those enjoyed by Georgian natural and legal persons, except where legislation provides otherwise. In addition, Art. 2(3) provides that investments may be made in entities of any ownership pattern, except where investment is prohibited or subject to special permits or licences. The current law does not specify a maximum foreign equity ceiling.

The Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Cap. 362) (TDO) and the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (SGO) are general consumer protection laws that protect consumers against unfair trade practices. As generic consumer protection laws, TDO and SGO do not specifically address the distant nature of an online transaction. For the pre-purchase stage, TDO and SGO do not contain provisions requiring online retailers to provide information such as contact details, procedures for order cancellation, and goods refund/return policy. Neither do they set out a mandatory cooling-off period, which is the period of time following the conclusion of a contract during which a supplier allows its customers to unilaterally cancel the contract without having to provide a reason. As to the post-purchase stage, there are no standardised goods refund/return policies for online shopping.

Hong Kong has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Hong Kong has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Hong Kong has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

According to Section 9 of the Telecommunications Ordinance, any person who wishes to import into Hong Kong any radio transmitting apparatus needs to obtain a permit granted by the Communications Authority, unless holding an unrestricted radio dealer's license.

Under s. 6C(1) of the Import and Export Ordinance (Cap. 60), no person may import any article specified in Schedule 1 to the Import and Export (General) Regulations without an import licence. The Import and Export (General) Regulations (Cap. 60A), Schedule 1 (Part 2, item 3) accordingly lists “optical disc mastering and replication equipment” as a controlled product subject to this import licensing requirement.