Iraq’s copyright regime, as outlined in Law No. 3 of 1971, relies on a closed list of statutory exceptions rather than a flexible fair use or fair dealing model, which restricts the scope for unlicensed secondary uses. Arts. 12 to 17 contain the main exceptions, including the use of works in non‑commercial educational or private settings, the making of a single copy for personal use, and the use of short quotations or extracts for educational, critical or informational purposes with attribution. Art. 15-bis introduces a three-step test-style limitation. Arts. 16 and 17 further allow news media to reproduce public speeches, supporting the circulation of publicly significant information in digital environments.

Iraq has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Iraq has not signed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

Iraq lacks a comprehensive framework in place that provides effective protection of trade secrets, but there are limited measures addressing some issues related to them. Chapter 3‑bis of the Patents, Industrial Design, Undisclosed Information, Integrated Circuits and Plant Variety Law stipulates that natural and legal persons possess the right to lawfully retain information under their control and to prevent its unauthorised use or disclosure by others. Additionally, two conditions must be met for such information to qualify for protection: first, it must possess commercial value; and second, the owner must undertake substantive measures to maintain its confidentiality.

It is reported that there is an obligation in Iraq to share passive infrastructure for the provision of telecommunications services to end users, and that this is practiced in both the mobile and fixed sectors.

Iraq is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that a decision adopted in 2009 requires Iraqi government agencies to procure goods from State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) unless these entities are unable to meet established quality or quantity standards. Moreover, SOEs may secure tenders if their bids are within 10% of those submitted by competitors. SOEs are exempt from bid and performance bond requirements and benefit from regulatory provisions that favour them over private-sector firms. Foreign companies frequently need to partner with Iraqi firms to participate in tenders. The specific legal instrument underpinning these provisions could not be identified.

It is reported that the public procurement system lacks transparency and is characterised by corruption, with no legal remedies available to unsuccessful bidders.

Iraq is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). In fact, the country is not a member of the WTO.

It is reported that, pursuant to Iraqi legislation, foreign ownership in a business enterprise is restricted to a maximum of 49%; however, the specific statutory provision could not be located.

It is reported that representation by an authorised agent is mandatory when the patent applicant is not domiciled in Iraq.

Hungary has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Hungary has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.