GREECE
Reported in 2023
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Enforcement of copyright online
Lack of adequate enforcement of copyright online
It has been reported that, between 2017 and 2022, Greece recorded one of the highest rates of internet piracy among EU Member States. Greece, along with Portugal and Cyprus, notably leads the EU in piracy rates of live sporting events, significantly exceeding the EU average. Moreover, it is reported that in 2022, pirated TV content experienced a notable increase, with TV shows, series, and on-demand movies being the most commonly pirated genres.
Coverage Horizontal
GREECE
Since March 2010
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Adoption of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
WIPO Copyright Treaty
The European Union and Greece have adopted the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty. The treaty was ratified on 14 December 2009 and came into effect on 14 March 2010.
Coverage Horizontal
GREECE
ITA signatory?
I
II
Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on ICT goods |
Indicator Effective tariff rate on ICT goods (applied weighted average)
Effective tariff rate to ICT goods (applied weighted average)
0.91%
Coverage rate of zero-tariffs on ICT goods (%)
76.86%
Coverage: ICT goods
GREECE
Since August 2016, last amended in 2021
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Exclusion from public procurement
Law No. 4412 on Public Works Contracts, Procurement Contracts, and Services (Νόμος 4412 - Δημόσιες Συμβάσεις Έργων, Προμηθειών και Υπηρεσιών (προσαρμογή στις Οδηγίες 2014/24/ΕΕ και 2014/25/ΕΕ))
Art. 25 of Law 4412/2016, which regulates public procurement in Greece, provides that participation in public procurement is reserved for local, EU and European Economic Area (EEA) companies and for companies from third countries that are parties to a relevant treaty with Greece or have ratified the WTO Government Procurement Agreement.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170903135052/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFHp_31M9ESQXdtvSoClrL8RC-n_7hz1t15MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ...
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220303180640/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014L0025&from=EN#d1e7298-243-1
GREECE
Since March 2004, last amended in February 2014
Since August 2016, last amended in 2021
Since August 2016, last amended in 2021
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Utilities Directive (2014/25/EU)
Law No. 4412 on Public Works Contracts, Procurement Contracts, and Services (Νόμος 4412 - Δημόσιες Συμβάσεις Έργων, Προμηθειών και Υπηρεσιών (προσαρμογή στις Οδηγίες 2014/24/ΕΕ και 2014/25/ΕΕ))
Law No. 4412 on Public Works Contracts, Procurement Contracts, and Services (Νόμος 4412 - Δημόσιες Συμβάσεις Έργων, Προμηθειών και Υπηρεσιών (προσαρμογή στις Οδηγίες 2014/24/ΕΕ και 2014/25/ΕΕ))
Art. 85 of the Utilities Directive (2014/25/EU) contains provisions allowing contracting public entities to reject foreign goods not covered by any EU international commitments from its tender procedures. In these cases, a tender submitted for the award of a supply contract may be rejected where the proportion of the products originating in third countries exceeds 50% of the total value of the products constituting the tender (Art. 85.2). Additionally, in cases of equivalent offers, the provisions provide for a preference for European tenders and tenders covered by EU's international obligations. In practice, this possibility has rarely been used.
In Greece, the Directive has been transposed with Law No. 4412-Public Works contracts, procurement contracts and Services (adaptation to Directives 2014/24/ OJ and 2014/25/EU).
In Greece, the Directive has been transposed with Law No. 4412-Public Works contracts, procurement contracts and Services (adaptation to Directives 2014/24/ OJ and 2014/25/EU).
Coverage Any product sold to a utility provider including software used in telecommunication network equipment
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220303180640/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32014L0025&from=EN#d1e7298-243-1
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230811225412/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=NIM:239895
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240224033351/https://www.eaadhsy.gr/n4412/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240301001209/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=276feaf8-c91b-4b7d-8310-dad8134f3c4c
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220121131638/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019XC0813(01)&from=EN
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GREECE
Reported in 2018, last reported in 2023
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Lack of transparency in public procurement
It is reported that the lack of transparency is a challenge for public procurement procedures in Greece, especially for foreign bidders, including with respect to overly narrow definitions of tenders and implicit biases in favour of local vendors and state-owned enterprises. Moreover, there are reports of complaints that Greece tends to require suppliers to source services and production locally or to partner with Greek manufacturers as a condition for the awarding of some contracts in public procurement.
Coverage Horizontal
GREECE
Reported in 2022, last reported in 2023
Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade |
Indicator Maximum foreign equity share
Open environment for foreign investment
It is reported that the Greek government has not imposed any restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in sectors relevant for digital trade.
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
Reported in 2023
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
De minimis threshold
It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is GHS 3,200 (approx. 200 USD).
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Restrictions on domain names
Guidelines for registering domains under the GH2-DOM
According to the guidelines for registering domains under the GH2-DOM, for the registration of a ".gh" domain name, the domain administrator must be located in Ghana, and the domain administrator's company should have been registered in Ghana. In addition, domain names registered under the top-level .gh domains should be active within six months after registration.
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
Since December 2008
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Electronic Transactions Act 2008 (Act 772)
The Electronic Transactions Act 2008 provides a comprehensive consumer protection framework that applies to online transactions.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240127141108/http://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/ghana/Electronic_Transactions_Act_no_772:2008.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20241211201931/https://unctad.org/page/cyberlaw-tracker-country-detail?country=gh
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230131012746/https://www.clrnn.net/2021/11/18/consumer-protection-in-ghana-oversight-enforcement-and-recommendations/
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GHANA
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Ghana has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
Since 2008
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Ghana has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
Since 2008
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Ghana has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
GHANA
Since November 1973, last amended in September 2021
Since May 2015
Since May 2015
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Self-certification for product safety
Standards Authority Act
Type Approval Guidelines - Electronic Communications Equipment
Type Approval Guidelines - Electronic Communications Equipment
The Ghana Standards Authority (GSA), under the Standards Authority Act, 1973, is responsible for conducting conformity assessment activities. The Product Certification Department offers assessment and impartial third-party attestation to confirm that specified requirements have been met. These requirements are typically outlined in standards or other normative documents. Product certification is carried out by certification bodies, which must adhere to ISO IEC 17065.
When telecom equipment dealers import ICT devices into Ghana, they are required to declare the shipment details to the National Communications Authority (NCA) through the Customs system. The NCA then conducts a physical inspection at the ports of entry to ensure that the devices are Type Approved. To facilitate this process, the NCA has established NCA Approval Testing Labs, which include laboratories for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Electromagnetic Field (EMF) measurements, Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), and Radio Frequency and Signalling (RF & Sig) testing.
When telecom equipment dealers import ICT devices into Ghana, they are required to declare the shipment details to the National Communications Authority (NCA) through the Customs system. The NCA then conducts a physical inspection at the ports of entry to ensure that the devices are Type Approved. To facilitate this process, the NCA has established NCA Approval Testing Labs, which include laboratories for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Electromagnetic Field (EMF) measurements, Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), and Radio Frequency and Signalling (RF & Sig) testing.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220128044156/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/gha17277.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231129173356/https://www.gsa.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/2-HOW-TO-GET-CERTIFIED.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220308083529/https://nca.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Type-Approval-Revised-Guidelines-2015-Final-Revised2.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062311/https://nca.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/type-approval-technical-information.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230328123041/https://www.intertek.com/government/product-conformity/exports/ghana/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220807234545/https://www.gsa.gov.gh/product-certification/
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