The Investment Regulation No. 474/2020, implementing the Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020, reserves some areas of investment just for domestic investors. Art. 4.22 exclusively reserves investment in media services for domestic investors only. Complementary to the investment regulation, the Media Proclamation No. 1238/2021, under Art. 22 .1 reserves investment in the media sector for Ethiopian nationals only. The Media Proclamation defines media as "news agencies and all organs established to provide news or programs or news and programs to the public via periodicals, broadcasting service, and online media".

According to Art. 5(1/f/) and 5.2 of the Investment Regulation No. 474/2020, foreign share capital in audiovisual services, including film/music production and distribution, is capped at 49%. It is not clear whether this restriction also applies online.

Ethiopia a is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) nor does it have observer status.

In August 2019, Proclamation No. 1148/2019 came into force which, for the first time, liberalizes the telecom sector in the country. Art. 19 of the Proclamation declares that telecommunications services, including ownership of a telecommunications operator or a telecommunications network, is open without limitation to private domestic and foreign investors.
Proclamation No. 1148/2019 repealed the Telecommunication Proclamation No. 49/1996 and 281/2002 (amendment) and Regulation No. 47/1996 which previously regulated the telecommunications sector. Under these laws, Ethio telecom, the state-owned telecom monopoly, was made the sole telecommunication service provider in Ethiopia. Further, Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012 (repealed by Investment Proclamation No. 1180/2020) had reserved telecommunication service provision as a sector reserved only for joint-venture with the government.
During 2021, it is reported that the Government of Ethiopia awarded a spectrum license to a private telecom operator, and took initial steps toward privatization of the telecom sector.

The Law No. 649/2009 gives some preferential treatment to domestic goods or services suppliers over foreign suppliers in some cases. Art. 25 states that some preference margin can be granted for works carried out by Ethiopian nationals and for consultancy services rendered by Ethiopian nationals. The preferences can also be extended to SMEs that are established in accordance with Small and Micro-Enterprises Proclamation. The Law mandates the Minister to issue directives determining the preference margin.
According to the Federal Government Public Procurement Directive of June 2020, preference margins are prescribed in Art. 16.20.2 as follows:
- For procurement of medical equipment: 25%;
- For procurement of other products: 15%;
- For construction and consultancy services: 7.5%.
For SMEs, these margins in Art. 16.20.2 only apply in International Competitive bidding as per Art. 16.20.5 of the Directive, in contrast to 3% margin when competing with local suppliers in national competitive bidding. The provision of preferences granted to medical equipment or other products is subject to an additional requirement of not less than 35% of the production occurring in Ethiopia, certified by a competent auditor as per Art. 16.20.3 of the Directive.

It ss reported that major procurements do not go through a transparent tendering process. Obstacles to foreign participation in government procurement tenders include complicated and inadequately established procedures, capacity gaps on the part of procurement agencies, delays in decision-making, lack of public information, and the need for personal connections to effectively compete. According to the report, at least one large company has had its multi-million-dollar contract with the government abruptly modified with little explanation and no apparent due process.

Ethiopia is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Eswatini has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Eswatini has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Eswatini does not have a legal framework that applies consumer protection to online transactions.

Eswatini has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Eswatini does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

According to Section 13 of the Domain Name Administration Regulations, the registration of a .sz domain name is only available to persons domiciled or corporate bodies registered in the Kingdom of Swaziland. The two-letter abbreviation refers to Swaziland, the country's former name from 1968 to 2018.

Eswatini does not have a national self-certification programme, but relies on the certificates of conformity supplied by exporting countries. The Eswatini Standards Authority is a member of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Affiliate Country Programme, which allows developing countries to participate in the IEC standardization activities and conformity assessments as well adopting IEC standards and gazette them as Eswatini national standards.