BENIN
Since September 2020
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 2020-26 of 29 September 2020 on the Public Procurement Code in the Republic of Benin (Loi No. 2020-26 du 29 septembre 2020 portant code des marchés publics en République du Bénin)
Art. 77 of Law No. 2020 - 26 provides for a specific preference for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Any candidate for a public contract who plans to subcontract at least 30% of the total value of the said contract to one or more MSMEs benefits from a margin of preference that may not exceed 5%. In addition, notwithstanding the provisions relating to Community preference, when a public contract is awarded, a preference of 5% must be given to the tender submitted by an MSME. This preference rate may be combined with the Community preference rate of 15%.
Coverage Horizontal
BENIN
N/A
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Signatory of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) with coverage of the most relevant services sectors (CPC 752, 754, 84)
Lack of participation in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)
Benin is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) nor does it have observer status.
Coverage Horizontal
BENIN
Since March 2020
Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade |
Indicator Maximum foreign equity share
Benin Investment Code 2020 (Loi No. 2020- 02 du 20 Mars 2020 portent Code des investissements en République du Benin)
According to the Benin Investment Code of 2020, which establishes the general conditions, advantages and rules applicable to domestic and foreign direct investments in Benin, legal persons of foreign nationality shall not receive less favourable treatment than that granted to legal persons of Beninese nationality (Art. 11).
Coverage Horizontal
BENIN
Since July 2019
Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade |
Indicator Screening of investment and acquisitions
Decree No. 2019-216 of 31 July 2019 setting the Terms and Conditions for the Granting of Licenses, Authorisations, and the Conditions for Making the Declaration relating to the Exercise of Electronic Communications Activities in the Republic of Benin (Décret No. 2019-216 du 31 Juillet 2019 fixant les Modalités d'Octroi des Licences, des Autorisations et des Conditions de Réalisation de la Déclaration relatives à l'Exercice des Activités de Communications Électroniques en République du Bénin).
Art. 13 of Decree No. 2019-216 states that any change of control, direct or indirect, of a licensed telecom operator and any acquisition of interest by an operator, directly or indirectly, in the capital of a licensed operator, is subject to authorisation by the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers may oppose the modification of the license, the transfer of the license, or the change of control of a licensed operator to safeguard public order or security or for the demonstrated inadequacy of the technical or financial capacity of the proposed new reference shareholder to meet the obligations resulting from the license, among others.
Coverage Telecommunications sector
BENIN
Since February 1999, entry into force in February 2002, last amended in December 2015
Since December 2019, entry into force in March 2020
Since December 2019, entry into force in March 2020
Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) |
Indicator Practical or legal restrictions related to the application process for patents
Bangui Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization, Constituting a Revision of the Agreement Relating to the Creation of an African and Malagasy Office of Industrial Property (Bangui (Central African Republic), 2 March 1977) (Accord de Bangui relatif à la création d'une organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle, constituant révision de l'Accord relatif à la création d'un Office Africain et Malgache de la Propriété Industrielle (Bangui (République centrafricaine), le 2 mars 1977)
Regulations on the profession of Authorised Agent before the African Intellectual Property Organization (Règlement sur la profession de Mandataire agréé auprès de l'organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle)
Regulations on the profession of Authorised Agent before the African Intellectual Property Organization (Règlement sur la profession de Mandataire agréé auprès de l'organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle)
According to the Bangui Agreement, ratified by 17 French-speaking States, including Benin, applicants resident outside the territory of the Member States must file through an agent selected in one of those Member States (Section III, Art. 8). The professional status of agent accredited to the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) is governed by the Regulations on the profession of Authorised Agent before the OAPI.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/582620
- https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-473/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230922235427/http://www.oapi.int/Ressources/reglement_mandataire/REGLEMENT_PROFESSION_MANDATAIRE.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220120063358/http://www.droit-afrique.com/upload/doc/oapi/OAPI-Guide-depot-brevet.pdf
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BENIN
ITA signatory?
I
II
Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on ICT goods |
Indicator Effective tariff rate on ICT goods (applied weighted average)
Effective tariff rate to ICT goods (applied weighted average)
9.72%
Coverage rate of zero-tariffs on ICT goods (%)
16.08%
Coverage: ICT goods
Sources
- http://wits.worldbank.org/WITS/
- https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/brief_ita_e.htm#:~:text=ITA%20participants%3A%20Australia%3B%20Bahrain%3B,%3B%20Jordan%3B%20Korea%2C%20Rep.
- https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/ita20years_2017_full_e.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220120054410/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/april/tradoc_154430.pdf
- https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/itscheds_e.htm
BENIN
N/A
Pillar Tariffs and trade defence measures applied on ICT goods |
Indicator Participation in the WTO Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and 2015 expansion (ITA II)
Lack of participation in Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and in ITA Expansion Agreement (ITA II)
Benin is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).
Coverage ICT goods
Sources
- https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/brief_ita_e.htm#:~:text=ITA%20participants%3A%20Australia%3B%20Bahrain%3B,%3B%20Jordan%3B%20Korea%2C%20Rep.
- https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/ita20years_2017_full_e.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220120054410/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/april/tradoc_154430.pdf
- https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/itscheds_e.htm
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BENIN
Since September 2020
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 2020-26 of 29 September 2020 on the Public Procurement Code in the Republic of Benin (Loi No. 2020-26 du 29 septembre 2020 portant code des marchés publics en République du Bénin)
In accordance with Art. 75 of Law No. 2020-26, a community preference of up to 15% of the bid amount must be granted to the bid submitted by a company that is a national of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The preferential regime applies provided that:
- In the case of suppliers, if they offer goods whose manufacturing cost includes an added value for one of the member countries of the WAEMU of at least 30%;
- In the case of service providers or consultants resident in the WAEMU, if the service is valued at more than 5% of the value of the service or consultation provided.
In addition, the community preference scheme may only be granted to the legal entities referred to in this article:
- If more than half of their capital belongs to nationals, whether natural or legal persons, of one of the member states of the WAEMU.
- If half of their deliberative and management bodies are controlled or held by nationals of one of the member states of the WAEMU.
Temporary groupings of foreign operators concluded with natural or legal persons who are members of a state of the WAEMU may also benefit from community preference.
- In the case of suppliers, if they offer goods whose manufacturing cost includes an added value for one of the member countries of the WAEMU of at least 30%;
- In the case of service providers or consultants resident in the WAEMU, if the service is valued at more than 5% of the value of the service or consultation provided.
In addition, the community preference scheme may only be granted to the legal entities referred to in this article:
- If more than half of their capital belongs to nationals, whether natural or legal persons, of one of the member states of the WAEMU.
- If half of their deliberative and management bodies are controlled or held by nationals of one of the member states of the WAEMU.
Temporary groupings of foreign operators concluded with natural or legal persons who are members of a state of the WAEMU may also benefit from community preference.
Coverage Horizontal
BENIN
Since September 2020
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other limitations on foreign participation in public procurement
Law No. 2020-26 of 29 September 2020 on the Public Procurement Code in the Republic of Benin (Loi No. 2020-26 du 29 septembre 2020 portant code des marchés publics en République du Bénin)
Art. 76 of Law No. 2020-26 provides that a foreign candidate who is not a community enterprise and who plans to subcontract at least 30% of the contract's total value to a Beninese enterprise may be granted a margin of preference up to 10%.
Coverage Horizontal
BELGIUM
Since June 2014
Since February 2013, last amended in April 2022
Since February 2013, last amended in April 2022
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU
Code of Economic Law (Code de Droit Economique)
Code of Economic Law (Code de Droit Economique)
The Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU provides an updated framework aimed at encouraging online sales. The Directive has been implemented by the Chapters VI.-XII on Market Practices and Consumer Protection of the Code of Economic Law.
Coverage Horizontal
BELGIUM
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Belgium has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
BELGIUM
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Belgium has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
BELGIUM
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Belgium has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
BELGIUM
Since April 2019
Since June 2022
Since June 2022
Pillar Intermediary liability |
Indicator Monitoring requirement
Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Law transposing Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market and Amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Law transposing Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market and Amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Art. 17 of Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive) mandates that providers of content-sharing services seek authorisation from rights holders and implement technical solutions to remove and prevent unauthorised uploads by their users (so-called upload filters), under penalty of losing their liability safe harbour. Further arrangements are envisaged for complaints and dispute resolution mechanisms. Such upload filters are reported to be a significant cost for online platforms. Graduated exemptions are expected to be put in place for new providers active in the EU for less than three years with a turnover under EUR 10 million and with fewer than five million users. The provision is subject to a challenge in the Court of Justice by Poland (C-401/19)
In 2022, the Chamber of Representatives adopted the Law Transposing Directive (EU) 2019/790, therefore making online content-sharing service providers partially liable for copyright violations on their platforms.
In 2022, the Chamber of Representatives adopted the Law Transposing Directive (EU) 2019/790, therefore making online content-sharing service providers partially liable for copyright violations on their platforms.
Coverage Online content sharing service
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20241129132510/https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/loi/2022/06/19/2022015053/justel
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240503010947/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1571326093909&uri=CELEX:32019L0790
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230922021725/https://www.create.ac.uk/cdsm-implementation-resource-page/
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