Reports indicate that public procurement processes in Egypt are characterised by a lack of transparency.

Egypt is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), nor does it have observer status.

Law No. 180 of 2018 establishes ownership and operational conditions for foreign entities in the media sector. Art. 52 specifies that non-Egyptian shareholders, whether natural or legal persons, are prohibited from owning a majority of shares or being granted management rights in media outlets, including websites acting as electronic backers for media organisations. Art. 1 defines "media" broadly as “any terrestrial or satellite television channel, or wired, wireless, or electronic radio station.”
Art. 54 sets financial requirements for companies operating electronic or digital television stations or channels. The authorised capital must be at least EGP 2.5 million (approx. USD 50,000), with half of this amount deposited in a bank supervised by the Central Bank of Egypt before broadcasting begins. The deposit must remain in the bank for at least one year and be allocated for station operations and employee remuneration.
Additionally, under Art. 59, media providers may operate in Egypt subject to a licence issued by the Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCoM). Approval requires operation within a designated media area and adherence to content restrictions, including the prohibition of materials involving violence, suicide, self-injury, or nudity.

Law No. 180 of 2018 imposes ownership restrictions on foreigners. According to Art. 36, non-Egyptian shareholders, whether natural or legal persons, are prohibited from holding a share percentage that grants them management rights in newspapers and websites serving as electronic backers for print newspapers.
Art. 35 establishes financial requirements for the establishment of newspapers by private legal entities. For electronic newspapers, a deposit of EGP 100,000 (approx. USD 3,200) is required, with half of this amount to be deposited prior to initiating the establishment procedures. The deposit must remain for one year to cover operational costs and employee rights in case the newspaper ceases publication. In such cases, priority is given to settling employee rights over other obligations.
For newspapers issued by natural persons, the same deposit requirements apply, with the full amount dependent on the publication's frequency. The entire deposit must be made before the newspaper is issued.
Additionally, newspapers must be printed in printing presses within the Arab Republic of Egypt, and a copy of the electronic servers hosting the newspaper's digital version must also be located in Egypt.

The Law No. 10 of 2003 sets restrictions on Telecom Egypt, which is the monopoly operator of the fixed internet services and infrastructure market. Art. 63 stipulates that the shares of Telecom Egypt can be offered for sale at a partial value of the Company capital upon a decree from the Cabinet with the condition that the greater part of the capital remains State-owned.

Law No. 34 of 1976 and its amendments of the years 1996 and 2020 stipulate that legal persons (Natural persons and various forms of Companies) wishing to engage in trade activities in Egypt must be entered into the commercial register (Art. 2). Those to be registered must be of Egyptian nationality and have obtained approval to practice trade from the competent Chamber of Commerce (Art. 3). As an exception to the rule in Article 2, foreigners can be registered in the Commercial Register in a number of cases, among these is when the foreigner is a partner in a company of persons, provided that at least one of the general partners is Egyptian and that the Egyptian partner(s) own 51% of the company's capital and has the right to manage and sign (Art. 4.2).

Law No. 159/198 mandates that a minimum of two members of a company’s board of directors must be nationals. Reports indicate that this requirement extends across various sectors, including computer and related services, telecommunications, and internet services. Art. 181 stipulates that the Government must be represented by at least two members on the administrative boards of companies for which it guarantees a minimum level of profits.

Egypt is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996, but is not a signatory of its 2015 expansion (ITA II).

According to Art. 75 of Law No. 182 of 2018, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt are entitled to secure at least 20% of available government contracts annually. This right was also established under the previous legislation, Tenders Law No. 89 of 1998.

Art. 59 of Law No. 182 of 2018 allows "local tenders" in which only Egyptian companies of a certain governorate can participate. This applies when the total price of the tender does not exceed EGP 2 million (approx. 127,000 USD).

Art. 35 of Law No. 182 of 2018 accords price preference to products that satisfy the percentage of Egyptian industrial components if their value exceeds that of the lowest unsatisfying product within the maximum of 15%. The article also stipulates that the bid submitted for services or technical works shall be considered the lowest price if its value is 15% (or less) higher than the value of the lowest foreign bid.

Lebanon has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Art. 3 of Basic Decision No. 7548 regulates banking and financial operations conducted through applications or software installed on mobile or fixed electronic devices, stipulating that such transactions using bank cards and/or accounts of customers from different banks are permissible only within defined limits. Each customer may transmit, via a single application, no more than LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month for transactions in Lebanese pounds, and USD 300 per day and USD 3,000 per month, or their equivalent in other foreign currencies approved by the Banque du Liban Clearing House, for transactions in US dollars or other authorised currencies. Similarly, the total amount received by each customer shall not exceed LBP 15,000,000 (approx. USD 170) per day and LBP 150,000,000 (approx. USD 1.700) per month in Lebanese pounds, and USD 600 per day and USD 6,000 per month, or their equivalent in approved foreign currencies. The Banque du Liban may exceptionally authorise higher ceilings for legal persons such as merchants, industrialists, or self-employed professionals. Service providers offering such operations may also integrate an electronic wallet (e-wallet) service into these applications, subject to additional restrictions: for natural persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 10,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 3,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds; for legal commercial persons, monthly movements shall not exceed USD 50,000 and the balance shall not exceed USD 30,000 or their equivalent in Lebanese pounds.