GEORGIA
N/A
Pillar Public procurement of ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Signatory of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) with coverage of the most relevant services sectors (CPC 752, 754, 84)
Lack of participation in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)
Georgia is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). However, the country has been an observer of the WTO GPA since 1999.
Coverage Horizontal
GEORGIA
Since November 1996, entry into force in December 1996, last amended in June 2019
Pillar Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors relevant to digital trade |
Indicator Maximum foreign equity share
Law No. 473-10 of Georgia on Promotion and Guarantees of Investment Activity (საქართველოს კანონი
საინვესტიციო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობისა და გარანტიების შესახებ)
საინვესტიციო საქმიანობის ხელშეწყობისა და გარანტიების შესახებ)
According to Art. 3(1) of the Law of Georgia on Promotion and Guarantees of Investment Activity, the rights and guarantees of foreign investors may not be less than those enjoyed by Georgian natural and legal persons, except where legislation provides otherwise. In addition, Art. 2(3) provides that investments may be made in entities of any ownership pattern, except where investment is prohibited or subject to special permits or licences. The current law does not specify a maximum foreign equity ceiling.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20250116135531/https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/33304?impose=original&publication=15
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260321113225/https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-investment-climate-statements/georgia/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140634/https://www.investingeorgia.org/media/f2hioppm/how_to_register_a_business.pdf
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HONG KONG
Since 2000
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
Hong Kong has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
Coverage Horizontal
HONG KONG
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Lack of adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures
Hong Kong has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.
Coverage Horizontal
HONG KONG
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Framework for consumer protection applicable to online commerce
Lack of comprehensive framework for consumer protection online
The Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Cap. 362) (TDO) and the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (SGO) are general consumer protection laws that protect consumers against unfair trade practices. As generic consumer protection laws, TDO and SGO do not specifically address the distant nature of an online transaction. For the pre-purchase stage, TDO and SGO do not contain provisions requiring online retailers to provide information such as contact details, procedures for order cancellation, and goods refund/return policy. Neither do they set out a mandatory cooling-off period, which is the period of time following the conclusion of a contract during which a supplier allows its customers to unilaterally cancel the contract without having to provide a reason. As to the post-purchase stage, there are no standardised goods refund/return policies for online shopping.
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230314044513/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap362
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190119171924/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap26
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230425110258/https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1920ise08-e-consumer-protection.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230624192014/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202211/16/P2022111600296.htm
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HONG KONG
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Ratification of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Lack of signature of the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
Hong Kong has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.
Coverage Horizontal
HONG KONG
Since January 1963, last amended in October 2024
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106)
According to Section 9 of the Telecommunications Ordinance, any person who wishes to import into Hong Kong any radio transmitting apparatus needs to obtain a permit granted by the Communications Authority, unless holding an unrestricted radio dealer's license.
Coverage Radio transmitting apparatus
Sources
- https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap106%21en.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026020332/https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/G/LIC/N3HKG21.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026020333/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/common/electronic_services/info_note/I187_17_en.pdf
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HONG KONG
Since June 1970, last amended in August 2025
Since January 1972, last amended in July 2025
Since January 1972, last amended in July 2025
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
Import and Export Ordinance (Cap. 60)
Import and Export (General) Regulations
Import and Export (General) Regulations
Under s. 6C(1) of the Import and Export Ordinance (Cap. 60), no person may import any article specified in Schedule 1 to the Import and Export (General) Regulations without an import licence. The Import and Export (General) Regulations (Cap. 60A), Schedule 1 (Part 2, item 3) accordingly lists “optical disc mastering and replication equipment” as a controlled product subject to this import licensing requirement.
Coverage Optical disc mastering and replication equipment
HONG KONG
Since January 1963, last amended in October 2024
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106)
Under Section 9 of the Telecommunications Ordinance, any person who wishes to export any radio transmitting apparatus from Hong Kong is required to apply for an import or export license granted by the Communications Authority.
Coverage Radio transmitting apparatus
Sources
- https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap106%21en.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026020332/https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/G/LIC/N3HKG21.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20211026020333/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/common/electronic_services/info_note/I187_17_en.pdf
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HONG KONG
Since June 1970, last amended in August 2025
Since January 1972, last amended in July 2025
Since January 1972, last amended in July 2025
Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
Import and Export Ordinance (Cap. 60)
Import and Export (General) Regulations
Import and Export (General) Regulations
Under s. 6D(1) of the Import and Export Ordinance (Cap. 60), no person may export any article specified in Schedule 2 to the Import and Export (General) Regulations without an export licence. The Import and Export (General) Regulations (Cap. 60A), Schedule 2 (Part 2, item 3) accordingly lists “optical disc mastering and replication equipment” as a controlled product subject to this export licensing requirement.
Coverage Optical disc mastering and replication equipment
HONG KONG
N/A
Pillar Technical standards applied to ICT goods and online services |
Indicator Self-certification for product safety
Self-declaration of conformity
For a Non-Prescribed Product, which includes: plugs, adaptors, extension units, lamp holders, flexible cords, and unvented thermal storage type electric water heaters, the following are accepted as a certificate of safety compliance:
- A declaration of conformity issued by a 'recognised manufacturer';
- A certificate or test report issued by a 'recognised certification body' (RCB) under registration of EMSD in one of the following: CB test certificates issued by National Certification Bodies participating in the CB Scheme; Endorsed certificates or test reports issued by organisations accredited by the Hong Kong laboratory Accreditation Scheme (HOKLAS) or by the Hong Kong Accreditation Service (HKAS); Endorsed certificates or test reports issued by organisations that have been accredited by those bodies which have mutual recognition agreements with HOKLAS or HKAS.
For a Non-Prescribed Product (i.e., all other electrical products), in addition to the two types of documents stated above, a declaration of conformity (DOC) issued by the product manufacturer will also be accepted as a certificate of safety compliance. Non-prescribed products must comply with the Hong Kong Essential Requirements, which are presumed to be fulfilled if the product complies with relevant IEC standards. A Certificate of Conformity, as described below, or a Declaration of Conformity (DoC) is required to show compliance.
- A declaration of conformity issued by a 'recognised manufacturer';
- A certificate or test report issued by a 'recognised certification body' (RCB) under registration of EMSD in one of the following: CB test certificates issued by National Certification Bodies participating in the CB Scheme; Endorsed certificates or test reports issued by organisations accredited by the Hong Kong laboratory Accreditation Scheme (HOKLAS) or by the Hong Kong Accreditation Service (HKAS); Endorsed certificates or test reports issued by organisations that have been accredited by those bodies which have mutual recognition agreements with HOKLAS or HKAS.
For a Non-Prescribed Product (i.e., all other electrical products), in addition to the two types of documents stated above, a declaration of conformity (DOC) issued by the product manufacturer will also be accepted as a certificate of safety compliance. Non-prescribed products must comply with the Hong Kong Essential Requirements, which are presumed to be fulfilled if the product complies with relevant IEC standards. A Certificate of Conformity, as described below, or a Declaration of Conformity (DoC) is required to show compliance.
Coverage Selected electrical products, including plugs, adaptors, extension units
HONG KONG
N/A
Pillar Online sales and transactions |
Indicator Threshold for ‘De Minimis’ rule
De minimis threshold
Hong Kong is a free port, meaning no tariffs are charged on the import or export of goods. Therefore, there is no need to implement a de minimis threshold.
Coverage Horizontal
HONG KONG
Since March 2014, last amended in 2025
Pillar Cross-border data policies |
Indicator Local storage requirement
Companies Ordinance
Section 374 of the Companies Ordinance requires a company to maintain its accounting records either at its registered office or at another location determined by the directors, ensuring that they remain accessible to the directors at all times without charge. Where such records are kept outside Hong Kong, the corresponding accounts and returns relating to the business concerned must be sent to, and preserved at, a place within Hong Kong for the same purpose. Under section 2, company refers to an entity formed and registered under the Ordinance, an existing company, or a re‑domiciled company.
Coverage Horizontal
HONG KONG
Since October 2019, entry into force in June 2020
Pillar Cross-border data policies |
Indicator Conditional flow regime
Circular to Licensed Corporations - Use of external electronic data storage
Hong Kong’s Securities and Futures Commission released a circular in October 2019 that requires banks and other regulated groups to store data locally or ensure that their cloud provider will hand over information on request.
Coverage Financial sector
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20251211185145/https://apps.sfc.hk/edistributionWeb/gateway/EN/circular/intermediaries/supervision/doc?refNo=19EC59
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011631/https://itif.org/publications/2022/12/12/the-cost-of-data-localization-policies-in-bangladesh-hong-kong-indonesia-pakistan-and-vietnam/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230118024402/https://www.reuters.com/article/hongkong-regulators-cloud/hong-kong-regulator-considers-easing-strict-data-storage-rules-sources-idUSL3N2AQ1XA/
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HONG KONG
Signed in March 2019, entry into force in January 2020
Pillar Cross-border data policies |
Indicator Participation in trade agreements committing to open cross-border data flows
Australia - Hong Kong Free Trade Agreement and associated Investment Agreement
Hong Kong has joined an agreement with binding commitments to open transfers of data across borders: the Australia - Hong Kong Free Trade Agreement and associated Investment Agreement [Art. 11.7(2) and 11.15(1)].
Coverage Horizontal
Sources
- https://web.archive.org/web/20241213123802/https://www.unilu.ch/fileadmin/fakultaeten/rf/burri/TAPED/TAPED_Burri_Vasquez_Kugler_November_2024.xlsx
- https://web.archive.org/web/20260113180125/https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/a-hkfta/a-hkfta-text/Pages/a-hkfta-chapter-11-electronic-commerce
