The UK has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

The UK has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

In the United Kingdom, trade secrets are protected from unjustified use and disclosure by common law – under the law of confidence – and the Trade Secrets Regulations of 2018. The regulations implement Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) in the United Kingdom. They establish broad criteria for information that qualifies for protection, strict and non-time-limited protections, and clear sanctions against unlawful disclosure.

It is reported that there is no obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in the country to deliver telecom services to end users. However, it is practised in both the mobile and fixed sectors based on commercial agreements. Moreover, Directive 2014/61/EU on measures to reduce the cost of deploying high-speed electronic communications networks is implemented in the United Kingdom via the Building (Amendment) Regulations 2016 and The Communications (Access to Infrastructure) Regulations 2016.

In 2020, the UK government invested USD 500 million in OneWeb, a company that delivers broadband satellite internet service through mid-orbit satellite constellations. While the UK is not the largest shareholder in OneWeb, it is reported to have a golden share of 45% in the company, effectively giving it control over who has access to the network. The UK government has stated that OneWeb will help deliver on commitments to super-fast broadband provision across the UK and will help the UK Space Agency improve upon current GPS navigation capabilities.

It is reported that the UK mandates functional and accounting separation for operators with significant market power (SMP) in the telecom market.

The Telecommunications Security Act 2021 gives the UK government the power to remove high-security risk vendors from the UK telecommunications infrastructure. The Act specifically bans new purchases of equipment from Chinese telecommunications company Huawei and mandates the removal of all Huawei equipment from the 5G network by 2027. Moreover, according to the UK's Office of Communications (Ofcom), the Act "allows the government to set out specific security requirements that providers must meet. This will include making sure telecoms providers securely design, construct and maintain network equipment that handles sensitive data; reduce supply chain risks; carefully control access to sensitive parts of the network; and make sure the right processes are in place to understand the risks facing their public networks and services." The Electronic Communications (Security Measures) Regulations 2022 supplements the Act, providing 16 regulations that further detail security measures expected to be put in place by network or service providers, ranging from securely designing and maintaining their public network to helping their third-party suppliers to identify and reduce risks of security compromise.

All government bodies must comply with Open Standards Principles for software interoperability data and document formats in government IT, and they must apply for an exemption if they do not comply with these requirements. Additionally, the Government has mandated a preference for using open-source software for future developments and has issued a manual that lays out the standards that must be used for all new digital public services developed across the British central governmental administration. Principle 12 of the Government Digital Service (GDS) Service Standard states: "Make all new source code open and reusable, and publish it under appropriate licences. Or if this is not possible, provide a convincing explanation of why this cannot be done for specific subsets of the source code."

Section 39 of the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (SBEE) gives the Minister for the Cabinet Office or relevant Secretary of State the power to impose regulations on public procurement in order to meet the goal of increasing government spending with SMEs (the goal moved from 25% in 2015 to 33% in 2020).

The United Kingdom is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 and its 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Online payment options in Turkmenistan are reported to be notably limited, with access to internationally accepted credit or debit cards being restricted. The lack of currency convertibility poses a significant challenge to e-commerce and foreign transactions. It is reported that strict currency controls have contributed to a black market exchange rate for dollars averaging more than five times the official rate in 2020-2021, making it difficult for companies to repatriate profits or convert local currency into dollars to import supplies and equipment. This persists despite Art. 32 of the Law About Trade Activities, which prohibits restrictions on the use of electronic payment methods unless stipulated by Turkmen legislation.

Turkmenistan does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Turkmenistan lacks a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that applies to online transactions.