According to Art. 6 of the Law on Patents of the Republic of Armenia, foreign natural persons and organisations enjoy the same rights and bear the same liabilities as citizens and organisations of Armenia, in line with international treaties or the principle of reciprocity.
Under Art. 80.1, those without a permanent residence or an effective industrial or commercial establishment in Armenia must act through a representative before the state-authorised body, unless otherwise provided by international treaties. However, Art. 80.3 allows foreign applicants to proceed without a representative if they provide a postal or electronic address in Armenia for correspondence. If neither a representative nor a local address is provided, the authority grants three months to comply, after which, under Art. 80.5, the application is deemed withdrawn.
Formal registration is reportedly straightforward and clear; the database of registered IPR is public, and applications to register IPR are published online for 2 months for third-party comment.

Law No. 49-ZR establishes a comprehensive data protection regime in Armenia, applicable to both public and private entities. It imposes obligations on data controllers, such as notifying data processing activities and reporting data breaches, but does not require the appointment of a data protection officer or the conduct of data protection impact assessments. Data subjects are granted only limited rights, and the Personal Data Protection Agency provides oversight under the Ministry of Justice. Additionally, several sector-specific laws impose tailored data protection obligations, including the Law on Medical Care and Services to the Population, the Law on Electronic Communications, the Law on Advocacy, the Law on Freedom of Information, the Law on Banking Secrecy, the Law on Circulation of Credit Information and Activities of Credit Bureaus, the Law on Insurance and Insurance Activity, the Law on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, the Labour Code, the Code on Administrative Offences, and the Criminal Code.

Armenia is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Armenia is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

It is reported that the Eurasian Economic Union, which includes Armenia, imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of aluminium strip (HS code subheadings 7606.11.91.00, 7606.12.20.09 and 7606.12.92.09) originating in Azerbaijan and China on 24 October 2020. The duty rate applicable to imports from Azerbaijan was set at 16.18%, while the corresponding rate for imports from China was established at 13.14%. On 17 October 2025, the Eurasian Economic Union published a notice extending the application of these definitive duties until 29 June 2026. These products are used to manufacture components for ICT goods, including heat sinks, printed circuit boards (PCBs), charging cables, HDMI cables, and displays.

Tendering processes in the country are reportedly characterised by a lack of transparency. Companies consider the efforts of the Competition Protection Commission (CPC) alone to be insufficient to ensure a level playing field, emphasising the need for improvements across other state institutions and authorities that support competition, including those responsible for public procurement. Stakeholders report that the time allowed for preparing bids following the announcement of a tender is often limited, and that documentation requirements, particularly those involving translations, can be burdensome for companies operating outside Armenia.
It is reported that although the law establishes a preference for open tendering in procurement processes, this approach has been used relatively infrequently in recent years, with greater reliance placed on framework agreements and negotiation procedures without prior announcement.

Pursuant to Section 9 of the Annex to Decision No. 884-L of 14 June 2024 on the Development and Implementation of the “Cloud First” Policy, when selecting a cloud environment for hosting an official website, preference must be given, all other conditions being equal, to server infrastructure located within Armenia.

Armenia is a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). Its GPA commitments include full coverage of computer and related services (CPC 84). However, Armenia’s commitments do not cover other service sectors that are particularly relevant for digital trade. In particular, the country covers only part of the activities falling under CPC 752 (telecommunications services) and does not cover CPC 754 (telecommunications-related services).

The legal framework regulating foreign investment in Armenia is set out in the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Foreign Investments. Under Art. 6, foreign investments must not be treated less favourably than the property, property rights, and investment activities of citizens, enterprises, institutions, and organisations of Armenia. Art. 6.3 provides that, for national security reasons, the Republic of Armenia may specify areas in which the activities of foreign investors and enterprises with foreign participation are restricted or prohibited. Nevertheless, Armenia is reported to impose few restrictions on foreign control, and foreign nationals face no limitations on acquiring, establishing, or disposing of business interests in the country, while business registration procedures are generally straightforward.

According to Australia's de minimis rule, goods with a value of up to AUD 1.000 (approx. 650 USD) are exempt from taxes and duties collected by customs. This is above the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Pursuant to Section 1.5.2 of the .au Domain Administration Rules, a person may apply to register a ".au" domain name licence, provided that the domain name is available and the applicant satisfies the Australian presence requirement. For these purposes, “Australian presence” includes: (i) an individual who is ordinarily resident in Australia and is either an Australian citizen or the holder of a permanent resident visa; (ii) a company registered under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth); (iii) an incorporated association established under State or Territory legislation; among other eligible entities.

The Competition and Consumer Act 2010 provides a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions. The Act provides a set of guarantees for all Australian consumers when they purchase certain goods or services from Australian retailers, whether physical or online. In addition, electronic signatures are regulated and permitted under the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Section 10).

Australia has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Australia has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.