Appendix No. 2 to the Decision No. 30 of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board "On Measures of Non-tariff regulation" sets out the Union-wide list of goods restricted for export from the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including Armenia. The list includes, among others, (i) radio-electronic and high-frequency equipment for civilian use—devices for transmitting or receiving voice, images, or data (e.g., headings in HS 8471, 8517–8519, 8521, 8525–8528, 8531, and certain Chapter 90 items); (ii) systems and receivers for technical radio monitoring and for detecting sources of electromagnetic emissions (e.g., HS 8526–8527); and (iii) encryption (cryptographic) means, including computing machines and parts with cryptographic functions, computer devices incorporating encryption, and standalone cryptographic software (selected subheadings of HS 8471/8473 and 8523).

The government holds a 20% minority stake in Viva Armenia, the country’s major mobile operator. This shareholding originated in 2024, when Fedilco Group Limited, having acquired Viva Armenia from the Russia-based MTS, transferred a 20% stake to the Armenian government as a gift. Although the government has reportedly expressed plans to divest this share, it currently retains ownership.

Armenia imposes functional and accounting separation obligations on operators with SMP-equivalent status, referred to in the Law on Electronic Communications as operators holding a “dominant position.” Under Arts. 22–23, the regulator determines which operators or service providers are dominant in the relevant electronic communications markets. Pursuant to Art. 36(2), each dominant operator must maintain separate accounts in a form that enables the regulator to assess compliance with interconnection obligations. In addition, Art. 24 empowers the regulator to require dominant operators or dominant service providers to provide competitive services through fully separated subsidiaries or affiliates, to implement structural separation between dominant and competitive activities, and to adopt other separation safeguards where necessary to protect competition.

Armenia has not appended the World Trade Organization (WTO) Telecom Reference Paper to its schedule of commitments.

The Public Service Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Armenia (PSRC), established under the Law on Public Services Regulation of 2003, serves as the executive authority responsible for supervising and administering telecommunications services. The PSRC is reportedly independent from the government in its decision-making processes.

Section I, Clause 3 of Government Decree No. 1521-N prescribes obligations for the official websites of governmental agencies. Although the provision does not explicitly mandate that such websites be hosted within the territory of the Republic of Armenia, it strongly implies this requirement through several stipulations. Specifically, it designates hosting to be undertaken by state bodies, internet service providers operating within Armenia, or the National Security Service (RA NSS). In addition, the requirement for prior coordination and approval by the RA NSS for both hosting and publication indicates that hosting should remain under the jurisdiction of Armenian authorities. The decree neither references nor provides exceptions for hosting outside the Republic of Armenia.

Section 3 of Decision No. 884‑L stipulates that, where state information systems, data, and information under the control of public administration bodies are hosted in a cloud environment located outside Armenia, a backup copy must be retained within Armenia, using the minimum necessary server infrastructure. In addition, Section 9 of the Annex provides that, when selecting a cloud environment for hosting an official website, preference shall, all other conditions being equal, be given to server infrastructure located within Armenia.

Under Art. 27 of Law No. ZR-49, personal data may be transferred to another country with the data subject’s consent or where such transfer is necessary for, or arises from, the purposes of processing personal data. Transfers may occur without the Agency’s authorisation if the destination state ensures an adequate level of data protection, either through compliance with ratified international treaties or inclusion in a list published by the competent authority, which the Personal Data Protection Agency (PDPA) must review and update at least annually; as of July 2024, this list includes, among others, all EU Member States and the United States. Transfers to states lacking adequate protection require prior authorisation from the Agency, based on an agreement containing safeguards approved by the Agency as ensuring adequate protection. To obtain such authorisation, the data processor must submit a written application to the PDPA specifying the destination country, recipient details, a description of the personal data, the purposes of processing and transfer, and the relevant contract or draft contract.

Armenia has not joined any agreement with binding commitments to open transfers of data across borders.

According to Art. 6 of the Law on Patents of the Republic of Armenia, foreign natural persons and organisations enjoy the same rights and bear the same liabilities as citizens and organisations of Armenia, in line with international treaties or the principle of reciprocity.
Under Art. 80.1, those without a permanent residence or an effective industrial or commercial establishment in Armenia must act through a representative before the state-authorised body, unless otherwise provided by international treaties. However, Art. 80.3 allows foreign applicants to proceed without a representative if they provide a postal or electronic address in Armenia for correspondence. If neither a representative nor a local address is provided, the authority grants three months to comply, after which, under Art. 80.5, the application is deemed withdrawn.
Formal registration is reportedly straightforward and clear; the database of registered IPR is public, and applications to register IPR are published online for 2 months for third-party comment.

Law No. 49-ZR establishes a comprehensive data protection regime in Armenia, applicable to both public and private entities. It imposes obligations on data controllers, such as notifying data processing activities and reporting data breaches, but does not require the appointment of a data protection officer or the conduct of data protection impact assessments. Data subjects are granted only limited rights, and the Personal Data Protection Agency provides oversight under the Ministry of Justice. Additionally, several sector-specific laws impose tailored data protection obligations, including the Law on Medical Care and Services to the Population, the Law on Electronic Communications, the Law on Advocacy, the Law on Freedom of Information, the Law on Banking Secrecy, the Law on Circulation of Credit Information and Activities of Credit Bureaus, the Law on Insurance and Insurance Activity, the Law on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, the Labour Code, the Code on Administrative Offences, and the Criminal Code.

Armenia is a party to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).

Armenia has a copyright regime under the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Copyright and Related Rights. However, the exceptions do not follow the fair use or fair dealing model, thereby limiting the lawful use of copyrighted works by others. Arts. 22–26 and 36 set out the exceptions, including quotation for research or informational purposes, educational use, private non-commercial reproduction of works (with certain exclusions), and short-term recordings by broadcasting organisations, among others.
It has been reported that a new Law on Copyright has been drafted and submitted for the government’s approval, although the legal text is not publicly available online.

Although Armenian legislation provides protection for intellectual property rights (IPR), enforcement remains challenging. It is reported that in 2023, Armenia had the highest rate of unlicensed software in the region, at 79%, followed by the Republic of Moldova (77%) and Belarus (76%). While the Armenian government has made some progress in addressing IPR issues, further strengthening of enforcement mechanisms is reportedly necessary.

Armenia has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.