Pursuant to Art. 10.1 of the Law on the National Payment System, payment operations in Mongolia, including but not limited to electronic funds transfers, are subject to licensing requirements.

According to Section 5.40.11 of the Payment System Procedures, the maximum amount permitted for a single spending transaction by a user corresponds to the upper limit for small-value transactions as determined by the order of the President of the Bank of Mongolia. In addition, as stipulated in Section 5.40.14, the maximum daily spending limit for an unregistered user is set at 40,000 MNT (approx. USD 12).

Reports indicate that cross-border payment options are limited, and Mongolians face considerable challenges in accessing such services, which are neither seamless nor cost-effective. In addition, stakeholder awareness of the legal framework governing electronic payments remains low. In this context, one of the barriers to domestic e-commerce is the presence of inconsistent and unclear government regulations that impact payment processes.

Mongolia does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Mongolia does not have a comprehensive framework for consumer protection applicable to online transactions. The Law of Mongolia on the Consumer Right Protection lacks specific provisions addressing digital transactions.

Mongolia has signed and ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

According to Section 6.2.1 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", providers of website services that allow users to generate content and maintain a user comment section are required to implement a word filtering programme operated by the Communications Regulatory Commission. Reports indicate that this filtering software identifies prohibited keywords and replaces them with asterisks. However, the software is reportedly flawed, as it fails to consider the contextual meaning of words and indiscriminately blocks any terms containing letters or syllables resembling those of the prohibited words. Pursuant to Section 2.4, a website service provider is defined as an individual or legal entity that disseminates news, information, and other forms of content to the public through communication network services.

According to Sections 1.2 and 3 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", content aggregators, content providers, website service providers, and content service providers are required to obtain a special licence. In addition, in accordance with Section 3.4, the service provider of a news website operating in Mongolia must register with the Communications Regulatory Commission.

It is reported that significant time is required for the processing of export and import documentation at the border. Prolonged processing times for international mail handling have been attributed to the customs clearance procedures administered by the International Mail Centre (IMC) of Mongolian Customs. It is also reported that the UPost system utilised by the IMC lacks interoperability with the systems employed by delivery service providers such as Mongol Post, UPC, and DHL, necessitating the manual entry of information.

Under the "Type Approval Regulatory Guidelines for Information and Communication Equipment", the majority of wireless and telecommunications equipment must obtain type approval from the Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia (CRC). Section 5.1 stipulates that products must be accompanied by test reports demonstrating compliance with the relevant test standards and limits, in accordance with European Union Standards (EN), within six years prior to issuance. These standards include electromagnetic compatibility requirements. In addition, Section 6.5 states that if the CRC is unable to conduct testing and evaluation due to insufficient measurement capabilities or human resources, it may seek assistance from other governmental organisations of similar status, testing institutions, university laboratories, or accredited laboratories in foreign countries.

According to Section 7.2.4 of the "General Terms and Conditions for the Regulation of Digital Content Services", website service providers that enable users to create content and facilitate a user comment section are required to display the user's full Internet Protocol (IP) address within publicly accessible user-generated content. Pursuant to Section 2.4, a website service provider is defined as an individual or legal entity that disseminates news, information, and other forms of content to the public through communication network services.

Art. 25 of the Law on Child Protection stipulates that electronic service providers are responsible for refraining from disseminating prohibited content and are obliged to actively monitor, restrict, and block harmful material. In addition, internet service providers are required to implement technological measures to limit the distribution of harmful and prohibited content accessible to children online, in accordance with decisions issued by authorised organisations.

Section 3 of the "Regulation on Technical Requirements for Processing Sensitive, Biometric, and Genetic Data" sets out the requirements for servers processing sensitive personal information. Among other stipulations, it mandates that the server must be physically located within the territory of Mongolia and must be accessible exclusively from within Mongolia.
Pursuant to Section 1, the objective of this Regulation is to establish the principles and technological security requirements governing the processing of sensitive personal data, as well as genetic and biometric data, as stipulated in Arts. 9 and 10 of the Law on the Protection of Personal Data.