Azerbaijan is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II). In fact, the country is an observer and not a full member of the WTO.

According to Section 5.40.11 of the Payment System Procedures, the maximum amount permitted for a single spending transaction by a user corresponds to the upper limit for small-value transactions as determined by order of the President of the Bank of Mongolia. The Bank of Mongolia’s 2024 explanatory guidance clarifies that, for registered electronic-money users, this limit is MNT 5,000,000 (approx. USD 1,400) and applies only to user transactions, not to transactions carried out by contractual agents or merchants cooperating with the electronic-money issuer. In addition, as stipulated in Section 5.40.14, the maximum daily spending limit for unregistered users is MNT 40,000 (approx. USD 12), and the explanatory guidance clarifies that this limit applies only to unregistered users.

Reports indicate that cross-border payment options are limited, and Mongolians face considerable challenges in accessing them, as these services are neither seamless nor cost-effective. In addition, stakeholder awareness of the legal framework governing electronic payments remains low. In this context, one barrier to domestic e-commerce is inconsistent and unclear government regulations that affect payment processes.

Mongolia implements a de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, only in limited cases. Pursuant to Section 38.1.15 of the Law on Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties, certain goods imported into Mongolia’s customs territory are exempt from customs duties. This exemption applies to international postal parcels addressed to an individual, provided that the parcel value does not exceed 10 times the minimum monthly wage and that it contains no more than two units of each identical item.

Pursuant to Section 4.3 of the Annex to Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia (CRC) Resolution No. 242, which revises and approves the Procedures for Registration and Use of Domain Names, only persons or legal entities with a residential address or legal registration in Mongolia may apply to own “.mn” and “.мон” domain names. Sections 4.6–4.7 further require individuals to provide a Mongolian residential address, while legal entities must provide evidence of registration and address information in Mongolia.

Mongolia lacks a comprehensive consumer protection framework applicable to online transactions. The Law of Mongolia on Consumer Rights Protection lacks specific provisions addressing digital transactions.

Mongolia has signed and ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Mongolia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

It is reported that a significant time is required for the processing of export and import documentation at the border. Prolonged processing times for international mail handling have been attributed to the customs clearance procedures administered by the International Mail Centre (IMC) of Mongolian Customs. It is also reported that the UPost system used by the IMC lacks interoperability with the systems of delivery service providers such as Mongol Post, UPC, and DHL, requiring manual data entry.

Under the "Type Approval Regulatory Guidelines for Information and Communication Equipment", the majority of wireless and telecommunications equipment must obtain type approval from the Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia (CRC). Section 5.1 stipulates that products must be accompanied by test reports demonstrating compliance with the relevant test standards and limits, in accordance with European Union Standards (EN), issued within 6 years before issuance. These standards include electromagnetic compatibility requirements. In addition, Section 6.5 states that if the CRC is unable to conduct testing and evaluation due to insufficient measurement capabilities or human resources, it may seek assistance from other governmental organisations of similar status, testing institutions, university laboratories, or accredited laboratories in foreign countries.

The Law of Mongolia on Personal Data Protection provides a comprehensive regime of data protection in Mongolia. It governs matters pertaining to personal privacy and regulates the collection, processing, use, and security of individuals’ personal data. The Law designates the National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia and the Ministry of Digital Development and Communications as the supervisory authorities responsible for overseeing compliance.
Other relevant legislation includes the Law of Mongolia on Cyber Security, the Law of Mongolia on Electronic Signature, and the Law of Mongolia on Public Information Transparency, all of which came into effect concurrently with the Law on Personal Data Protection. In addition to these overarching regulations, Mongolia’s data protection framework is supplemented by sector-specific legislation in the healthcare and financial sectors.

Pursuant to Art. 17.1.3 of Mongolia’s Law on Cybersecurity, legal persons providing information technology services for the processing, storage, distribution, computer analytics, and normal operation of shared information systems in cyberspace must retain information-system activity logs for the period specified in the common cybersecurity procedure. Similarly, under Art. 19.2.9, organisations with critical information infrastructure must retain information-system activity logs for the period prescribed by that procedure.
Government Decree No. 06/2023, which establishes the Cyber Security General Procedure, specifies both the required log content and retention periods. Under Section 4.16, covered organisations must retain logs of access attempts and successful access, privileged access, password changes, changes to or deletions of logs, and the granting, modification, or revocation of access rights. Section 4.17 further requires logs to identify, inter alia, the user name or ID, date, accessed address or device information, access duration, action performed, and result of the action. Finally, Section 4.19 sets minimum retention periods, including at least six months for legal persons and at least one year for organisations with critical information infrastructure.

Pursuant to Art. 20.1.5 of the Law on Personal Data Protection, the data controller and data processor are required to conduct a risk assessment to ensure the security of data processing operations.

Mongolian law and jurisprudence lack a fundamental legal framework governing intermediary liability for copyright infringement. Art. 52 of the Law on Copyright merely stipulates that internet service providers, aggregators, website owners, telecommunications service providers, broadcasting organisations, and multi-channel transmitters must facilitate the receipt of reports concerning copyright and related rights infringements. Additionally, they are obligated to suspend or terminate the unlawful use of copyrighted works and related rights on their networks upon receiving such reports.