Armenia is a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). Its GPA commitments include full coverage of computer and related services (CPC 84). However, Armenia’s commitments do not cover other service sectors that are particularly relevant for digital trade. In particular, the country covers only part of the activities falling under CPC 752 (telecommunications services) and does not cover CPC 754 (telecommunications-related services).

The legal framework regulating foreign investment in Armenia is set out in the Law of the Republic of Armenia on Foreign Investments. Under Art. 6, foreign investments must not be treated less favourably than the property, property rights, and investment activities of citizens, enterprises, institutions, and organisations of Armenia. Art. 6.3 provides that, for national security reasons, the Republic of Armenia may specify areas in which the activities of foreign investors and enterprises with foreign participation are restricted or prohibited. Nevertheless, Armenia is reported to impose few restrictions on foreign control, and foreign nationals face no limitations on acquiring, establishing, or disposing of business interests in the country, while business registration procedures are generally straightforward.

According to Australia's de minimis rule, goods with a value of up to AUD 1.000 (approx. 650 USD) are exempt from taxes and duties collected by customs. This is above the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Pursuant to Section 1.5.2 of the .au Domain Administration Rules, a person may apply to register a ".au" domain name licence, provided that the domain name is available and the applicant satisfies the Australian presence requirement. For these purposes, “Australian presence” includes: (i) an individual who is ordinarily resident in Australia and is either an Australian citizen or the holder of a permanent resident visa; (ii) a company registered under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth); (iii) an incorporated association established under State or Territory legislation; among other eligible entities.

The Competition and Consumer Act 2010 provides a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions. The Act provides a set of guarantees for all Australian consumers when they purchase certain goods or services from Australian retailers, whether physical or online. In addition, electronic signatures are regulated and permitted under the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Section 10).

Australia has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Australia has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Australia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Australia’s standard-setting framework is generally characterised by a collaborative, transparent process involving a broad range of stakeholders from both the public and private sectors, including international participants, and addressing the treatment of intellectual property (IP) issues. For instance, Technical Committees responsible for developing new standards typically include representatives from government agencies, businesses, and industry organisations.
However, this level of transparency appears more limited in the context of electrical products. In this area, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) derives technical standards from Standards Australia, a non-governmental and not-for-profit standards body, as well as from international standard-setting organisations and foreign regulatory authorities. Standards Australia develops standards through technical committees composed of experts from technical, business, academic, governmental, and community backgrounds, nominated by eligible organisations.
Under the Structure and Operation of Standardisation Committees (SG-002) and the Nominating Organisation Guide, eligibility to act as a nominating organisation requires, inter alia, that the entity be headquartered in Australia, maintain an Australian membership base, and represent a defined constituency. SG-002 was originally published in 2001 and most recently amended in May 2024.

To ensure compliance with the technical regulatory arrangements, suppliers must make and hold a Declaration of Conformity. The document should be signed by the Australian supplier or overseas manufacturer to certify that the product meets applicable standards. It must be signed by a senior member of the company or organisation. The signatory should have sighted the evidence that supports the declaration and be satisfied with the grounds for compliance. It should be made available by the supplier for audit purposes on request, in writing, from either the Australian Communications Authority (ACA) or the Radio Spectrum Management Group (RSM) of the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. Electrical products become subject to testing requirements when exported.
The Telecommunications Act of 1997 regulates telecommunications equipment. The Radiocommunications Act 1992 regulates radiocommunications equipment, electrical or electronic household products, and radio transmitters. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) allows a self-declaration of conformity (SDoC) provided the declaration contains all the information required by Australia's Declaration of Conformity (Form C02) and acknowledges that the product complies with the ACMC standards. Whoever signs the SDoC must review the evidence that the product complies with the rules and agree that the records show it does. A supplier may also be required to submit a separate test report from a designated testing body.

Under the Telecommunications (Service Provider — Identity Checks for Prepaid Mobile Carriage Services) Determination 2017, telecommunications companies must identify their customers when customers activate a prepaid mobile service. According to Part 4 of the law, to activate a new prepaid mobile service, customers must provide their telecommunication company with their name, date of birth, and home address (or business name and address if acting on behalf of a business). Proof of ID is also necessary.

Australia enacted an Online Safety Act that places additional responsibilities on digital platforms and internet service providers (ISPs) to monitor and remove harmful content posted on their services. Specifically, the Act reduces the time a site owner or ISP has to remove harmful content from 48 hours to 24 hours after receiving a removal notice from the eSafety Commissioner. It also provides the eSafety Commissioner with additional information collection powers and the power to require ISPs to disable access to material depicting violent conduct for a limited period during “crisis situations.”
Pursuant to Sections 19–21 of the Online Safety (Relevant Electronic Services—Class 1A and Class 1B Material) Industry Standard 2024 and Sections 20–22 of the Online Safety (Designated Internet Services—Class 1A and Class 1B Material) Industry Standard 2024, providers of “relevant electronic services” and “designated internet services”, as defined in Sections 13A and 14 of the Online Safety Act, are required to implement “appropriate systems, appropriate processes and appropriate technologies” to detect and identify specified categories of illegal content. This obligation applies in particular to known child sexual abuse material and known pro-terror material where such content is stored on the service, accessible to an end-user in Australia, or has been accessed or distributed in Australia through the service. The Standards further require providers to remove such material as soon as practicable.

Pursuant to Section 13 of the Customs (Prohibited Exports) Regulations 1958, the export of goods listed in the Defence and Strategic Goods List (DSGL), as well as goods incorporating DSGL technology, is prohibited unless prior authorisation is granted by the Minister for Defence. The applicable application procedure is set out in Regulation 13EB.
The 2024 DSGL defines the current scope of goods subject to export controls. It encompasses a wide range of items organised into nine categories, including electronics, computers, telecommunications, and information security.

Australia mandates functional and accounting separation for operators with significant market power (SMP) in the telecom market. According to the Telecommunications Act (Part 9) and the Carrier Licence Conditions Declaration, functional separation is mandated for operators with significant market power. Accounting separation is mandated for the National Broadband Network Co (NBN Co), which must maintain separate accounts for its different technology units.

Australia has appended the World Trade Organization (WTO) Telecom Reference Paper to its schedule of commitments.