Art. 33.13 of the Law on Public Procurement provides that, when evaluating bids, the procurement commission must apply a procurement preference of up to 20% in favour of bids offering procurement items of local origin. The application of this preference must be recorded in the final protocol. The preference also applies to goods produced at any stage within the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The implementing instrument is the Cabinet of Ministers Decision No. 495 of 30 December 2023, which approves the Rules on the Application of the Procurement Preference and has been in force since 1 January 2024. Under Sections 1.2–1.3, the preference operates as an evaluation adjustment of up to 20% in favour of local goods, works, or services. For goods, Section 2.4 requires local raw materials/materials and local labour to account for more than 50% of the value of the good to qualify as local. For services, Section 3.2 requires the value of local goods used and wages payable to Azerbaijani citizens to exceed 50%.

Art. 48 of the Law on Public Procurement provides that the contracting authority may employ the request‑for‑quotations procedure for the procurement of items that have an existing and readily accessible market. Depending on the estimated contract value, this procedure must be conducted among specific supplier categories, and only their bids may be considered. Where the estimated value does not exceed 30,000 manats (approx. USD 17.600), participation is limited to suppliers classified as micro or small business entities. Where the estimated value ranges from 30,000 to 100,000 manats (approx. USD 58.800), suppliers classified as micro, small, or medium‑sized business entities may participate.

Art. 38.10 of the Law on Public Procurement stipulates that the successful supplier may enter into subcontract agreements for the provision of services, provided that such agreements are permitted by the bidding documents. The aggregate value of such subcontract agreements may not exceed 50% of the total value of the procurement contract, and at least 20% of the total value of all subcontracted work must be allocated to micro, small, or medium‑sized business entities registered in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Art. 5 of the Law on Public Procurement provides that restrictions may be imposed, on grounds of state security or pursuant to Azerbaijan’s international obligations, on the participation in procurement procedures of certain foreign suppliers or foreign suppliers originating from specific countries, including those with which Azerbaijan has no diplomatic relations.

Azerbaijan is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) nor does it have observer status. In fact, the country is an observer and not a full member of the WTO.

Pursuant to Art. 26 of the Law on Media, where the founder of a media entity, including online platforms, is a natural person, this person must be a citizen of Azerbaijan who is permanently resident within the country. In cases where the founder is a legal entity, at least 75% of its authorised capital must be owned by a citizen or citizens of Azerbaijan permanently residing therein and/or by a legal entity or entities duly registered in the country.

The Consumers’ Right Protection Act provides a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions.

Bangladesh has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Bangladesh has adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

Bangladesh has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Bangladesh maintains a highly stringent foreign exchange control regime. The country's foreign exchange laws are broadly applicable to any transaction involving foreign currency or the remittance of funds into or out of Bangladesh. No individual or entity is permitted to engage in foreign exchange dealings without obtaining prior authorisation from the central bank. Pursuant to Section 5 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947, no person in, or resident in, Bangladesh may, except under a general or special exemption granted by Bangladesh Bank, make payments to, or for the credit of, persons resident outside Bangladesh, place sums to their credit, or create or transfer payment rights in their favour. Separately, Section. 10 regulates the duties of persons entitled to receive foreign exchange or payments from persons resident outside Bangladesh. Reports indicate that these regulations affect the operations of fintech companies, preventing their customers from purchasing or selling products on e-commerce platforms using their preferred payment methods. Consequently, they must rely on intermediaries, such as friends, relatives, or agents, who possess access to foreign currency accounts or payment cards.

The National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB) is an electronic platform established in December 2012 to facilitate interoperability among scheduled banks for card-based and online retail transactions. Foreign enterprises operating in the financial services and payment network sectors, such as Visa and Mastercard, have expressed concerns about their operations in the Bangladeshi market following the central bank’s implementation of a mandatory policy requiring all card transactions to be routed through the NPSB. They argue that this policy limits competition and raises security concerns, as the NPSB constitutes a single point of failure in the event of a system crash.

The Customs (De Minimis) Rules, as amended in May 2025, permit the duty-free importation of eligible low-value consignments, including non-commercial goods, samples, and other small consignments, with a maximum value of BDT 4,000 (approx. USD 40). This de minimis threshold remains lower than the USD 200 benchmark recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Access to local domain names in Bangladesh is subject to documentation and eligibility requirements. The “.bd” country-code top-level domain is managed by the Posts and Telecommunications Division, while Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL) is listed as the technical contact and operates the official registration service.
BTCL requires applicants seeking to register a “.bd” or “.বাংলা” domain name to create a profile and upload the applicable supporting documents. These may include a national identity card, a trade licence, approval or forwarding letters, or a certificate from the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms. Accordingly, access to local domain names is not fully unrestricted, as registration depends on compliance with domestic documentation and eligibility requirements.

Clause 10.1 of the Import Policy Order of 2021–2024 stipulates that prior approval from the Chief Comptroller of Import and Export is required for unregistered companies that import goods valued above USD 10,000.