Zambia has no rules applicable to the protection of trade secrets.

It is reported that there is an obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in Zambia to deliver telecom services to end users. It is practised in both the mobile and fixed sectors based on commercial agreements.

Zambia is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

According to Art. 39.4 of the Public Procurement Act, a procuring entity must use open international bidding when goods, works, or non-consulting services are not competitively available from at least three suppliers within the Republic of Zambia. Furthermore, Art. 39.5 stipulates that participation in open international bidding is open to all bidders, including citizen bidders, local bidders, and foreign bidders partnered with citizen bidders or citizen suppliers. Foreign bidders participating under Subsection 5 are required to partner with a citizen supplier or citizen bidder.

According to Art. 41 of the Public Procurement Act, procuring entities must use open national selection as the default method for procuring consulting services. However, open international selection must be used in cases where (i) consulting services are not competitively available from at least three suppliers within the Republic of Zambia; (ii) regional or international participation is required under an agreement entered into by the Government; or (iii) the procuring entity operates in a specialised industry, and the consulting services needed are of a specialised nature.

Section 91 of the Public Procurement Act establishes a preference and reservation scheme for citizens or local suppliers, as well as bidders offering goods, works, or services with local content. Certain procurement opportunities are also reserved for target groups, including SMEs, women, youths, and persons with disabilities. Additionally, greater preference is granted to joint ventures or associations involving citizens or local suppliers than to foreign suppliers subcontracting them. The margin of preference to be applied is not predetermined; instead, it is set by the Public Procurement Authority in collaboration with the Citizens' Economic Empowerment Commission and other relevant government departments and statutory bodies in each tender procedure.

According to the National Local Content Strategy 2018-2022, government policy mandates a minimum of 35% utilisation of local inputs and/or products in the production and provision of goods and services across the economy.

Zambia is not a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), nor does it have observer status.

According to the Companies Act 1994 and its amendment, the Companies Act 2017, there are no restrictions on foreign ownership in sectors relevant to digital trade.

According to Art. 303 of the Companies Act 2017 (No. 10 of 2017), a foreign company is required to appoint at least one local director. This requirement has been in effect since the Companies Act of 1994 (Art. 248).

Yemen has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

It is reported that the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (MoTIT) requires foreign test reports, including electromagnetic compatibility results such as CE reports, as part of its mandatory type-approval process for products entering the Yemeni market and complying with local telecommunications and safety requirements. Approval is based on the review of these foreign test reports, and Yemen is understood to accept documentation demonstrating compliance with the EU Radio Equipment Directive, together with CE declarations of conformity, as sufficient evidence. Although a declaration of conformity must be submitted, in-country testing is reportedly not required. The categories of devices subject to MoTIT type approval include mobile and cellular devices, mobile wireless communication equipment, radio-frequency devices, Internet of Things products, wireless-enabled consumer electronics, GPS units, wearable technologies and short-range devices. However, the specific legislative instrument containing these requirements has not been identified.

Yemen does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

Yemen does not have a specific law regulating domain name registration. In practice, domain name administration is handled by TeleYemen, a state-owned company supervised by the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology (MoTIT), which manages the “.ye” country-code top-level domain (ccTLD). It is reported that registration of a “.ye” domain requires a local presence in the country, which may be arranged through authorised local representatives or specialised registration services for applicants based abroad.