Japan has adopted the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.

Japan has adopted the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

The Unfair Competition Prevention Law (Law No. 47 of 1993) provides a framework for the effective protection of trade secrets. A ‘trade secret’ is defined in the law as a production method, sales method, or any other technical or operational information useful for business activities that are kept secret and are not publicly known (Art. 2). According to Art. 3 of the law, those businesses or persons whose business interests have been, or are threatened to be, infringed on by misappropriation or illegal disclosure shall have the right to seek an injunction. The Unfair Competition Prevention Act provides civil and criminal remedies in such cases where secret information about the company is stolen or disclosed illegally. To protect information according to the Act, companies need to manage such data as “trade secrets”.

It is reported that there is an obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in Japan to deliver telecom services to end users.

Japan has implemented foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanisms through the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1949), supplemented by procedural regulations such as the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment. Under this Act, foreign investors in "Designated Business Sectors" or "Core Business Sectors" are required to submit a prior notification to the relevant ministry. After reviewing the notification, the ministry may either approve, amend, or suspend the proposed investment.
According to the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment, "Core Business Sectors" include industries where foreign investors (e.g., non-residents or foreign corporations) must file prior notification for direct investment, such as acquiring 1% or more of voting rights in a listed company or purchasing shares in an unlisted company. These sectors, considered highly sensitive, are generally not exempt from prior notification requirements due to national security concerns.
The List of Classifications of Listed Companies outlines core business sectors such as semiconductors and dual-use technologies, metal mining of significant mineral resources, cybersecurity-related services (e.g., network security monitoring and critical infrastructure protection), and telecommunications. Non-core business sectors include software, data processing services, and internet-use support businesses.

Japan is a signatory of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 and its 2015 expansion (ITA II).

The Japanese government maintains policies to encourage the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in government procurement. According to Arts. 4 and 5 of Act No. 97, the central government and public corporations are required to set their own procurement target values for the procurement from SMEs on an annual basis. It has been reported that in 2021, the target amount for the procurement from micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) by the Government was set at JPY 4.8 trillion (approx. USD 31 billion), which represents 61% of the total budget for public procurement spending. Furthermore, the target amount for new MSMEs that are less than 10 years old was set at 3%. In accordance with Art. 8, sub-central government entities follow the policies set up for the central government entities on an "endeavour basis".

It is reported that foreign firms in several sectors have expressed concern that the Japanese Government at times employs technical specifications that may exclude foreign products and services and, in certain cases, may also exert pressure on relevant entities to favour domestic companies in procurement processes.

Japan is a party to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA). Although its commitments include a service sector regarded as central to digital trade, namely computer and related services (CPC 84), they do not extend to telecommunication‑related services (CPC 754), while telecommunication services (CPC 752) are only partly included.

Ar. 4.1 of the "Act on Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, etc." stipulates that the government must at all times hold more than one‑third of the total number of issued shares in the telecommunications company Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT).

Under Directive No. 5/2081 of the Unified Directives Related to Payment Systems 2081, specific transaction limits apply to electronic transactions, including those conducted via mobile banking, internet banking, and e-wallets.
Pursuant to Sections 2–3 of the Directive on transactions conducted through mobile banking and web applications, daily transaction limits apply depending on the channel and instrument used. Transactions carried out through a mobile application, including QR-code payments, are capped at NPR 300,000 (approx. USD 2,000) per day, while transactions conducted through a web application are capped at NPR 2,000,000 (approx. USD 13,000) per day. For electronic wallets, transfers from a bank account to a wallet are limited to NPR 200,000 (approx. USD 1,300) per day and NPR 1,000,000 (approx. USD 6,600) per month. Transfers from a wallet to a bank account, including QR-code payments, are subject to the same daily and monthly caps. Wallet-to-wallet transfers are subject to lower limits of NPR 50,000 (approx. USD 330) per day and NPR 500,000 (approx. USD 3,300) per month, regardless of whether funding is derived from multiple bank accounts or wallets. In addition, a natural person’s wallet may be loaded no more than 10 times per day, and an electronic wallet may not hold an overnight balance exceeding NPR 50,000 (approx. USD 330), with any excess required to be transferred to the customer’s linked bank account.
The Nepal Rastra Bank, serving as Nepal's Central Bank, has established these ceilings on maximum daily and monthly electronic transaction amounts through various directives, starting with one issued in 2018.

Nepal does not implement any de minimis threshold, which is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties.

According to the NP CCTLD domain name registration policy, only foreign companies registered in Nepal or registered trade names (trademarks) with the government can register a '.np' domain.