Art. 11 of Decree No. 1399 establishes that the President of Venezuela may dictate temporary measures so that the contracting of the contractors compensate for adverse or unfavorable conditions that affect small and medium industry, cooperatives and any other form of community association. Such measures include, among others, the establishment of preferential amounts or categories of contracts, the use of contracting schemes that imply the incorporation of goods with national added value, transfer of technology, and incorporation of human resources.

Art. 11 of Decree No. 1399 establishes that the President can mandate temporary changes in the bidding process under exceptional circumstances, in accordance with economic development plans that promote national development or provide preferences to domestic goods and suppliers. These measures include reservation of procurements for nationals, although there is no further information on how this reservation would take place.

Art. 11 of Decree No. 1399 establishes that the President can mandate temporary changes in the bidding process under exceptional circumstances, in accordance with economic development plans that promote national development or provide preferences to domestic goods and suppliers. These measures include reservation of procurements for nationals, although there is no further information on how this reservation would take place.

Venezuela is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Venezuela is not a signatory of the 1996 World Trade Organization (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA) nor the 2015 expansion (ITA II).

Russia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

Russia has signed and ratified the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.

Russia has not adopted national legislation based on or influenced by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce.

The Law On Consumer Rights Protection and the Law On Electronic Signature provide a comprehensive framework for consumer protection that also applies to online transactions. The Russian law on e-signatures recognizes the same legal effect of electronic signatures as that of handwritten signatures.

It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is USD 10, below the 200 USD threshold recommended by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

According to Art. 19 of Law No. 86-FZ (as amended by Law No. 264), several requirements for the functioning of foreign payment systems on the territory of the Russian Federation are established. According to these requirements, in order to provide services to Russian customers or to enter into contracts with local payment system operators, foreign payment systems have to be included in the Register of the Russian Central Bank. To be included in the Register, a foreign operator has to apply by submitting all the required documents in Russian through its subdivision in Russia. In addition, operators of foreign payment systems that do not have a subsidiary in the Russian Federation are able to work with Russian banks if they establish a branch office in Russia and register with the Central Bank.
Furthermore, amendments to the Federal Law on the National Payment System (NPS Law) significantly affect e-payments. According to Federal Law No. 319-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law on the National Payment System and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, international payment cards it is required to be processed locally. In addition, the NPS Law also requires security deposits by operators of such payment systems not qualifying as nationally important payment systems. Representatives of international payment systems have reported criticism of the introduction of such security deposits. Additionally, NPS Law prohibits the cross-border transfer of money or funds from Russia to countries where Russian payment systems, including Russian electronic payment systems, are not recognized.

Russia is reported to have complicated and bureaucratic customs procedures and an unreliable postal service which prevent international retailers from entering the market, at least without a Russian partner.

Equipment and devices containing encryption has to be registered with the Federal Security Service (FSS) and the manufacturer or the seller has to be obtain FSS notification upon importation or exportation of such equipment.
Notification of the FSS recognizes the fact that the products manufactured by the enterprise contain various elements of cryptographic/encryption nature. Notification of the FSS is a prerequisite for the import into the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), or export from the territory of the EAEU of equipment containing encryption elements.
The registration of the FSS notification when importing or exporting goods is regulated in accordance with the Regulations on the import into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union and export from the customs territory of the EAEU of encryption means (Annex No. 9 to the Decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission No. 30 dated April 21, 2015). Notification of the FSS is necessary for equipment and devices, both general civil, industrial, scientific and other purposes, including a large list of products containing cryptographic components which includes many high-tech devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, laptops, wireless keyboards, wireless mice, servers, RFID tags (a device for the extraction of various cryptocurrencies (miners)) and many other devices. If a device has already been listed in the register of the EAEU, no notification is required.