The Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation S.A. (OTE) is the incumbent telecommunications provider in Greece. Although the company was privatised in 2001 and the Greek state has been gradually reducing its participation in OTE's share capital, it is reported that Greece still owns 7.2% of OTE's share capital.

Greece does not mandate functional separation for operators with significant market power (SMP) in the telecom market. However, accounting separation is a remedy that may be imposed on SMP operators. It is currently imposed on the incumbent and the three mobile operators.

It is reported that the Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission (EETT), the executive authority for the supervision and administration of services in the telecommunications sector, is independent from the government in the decision-making process.

Art. 25 of Law 4412/2016, which regulates public procurement in Greece, provides that participation in public procurement is reserved for local, EU and European Economic Area (EEA) companies and for companies from third countries that are parties to a relevant treaty with Greece or have ratified the WTO Government Procurement Agreement.

Art. 85 of the Utilities Directive (2014/25/EU) contains provisions allowing contracting public entities to reject foreign goods not covered by any EU international commitments from its tender procedures. In these cases, a tender submitted for the award of a supply contract may be rejected where the proportion of the products originating in third countries exceeds 50% of the total value of the products constituting the tender (Art. 85.2). Additionally, in cases of equivalent offers, the provisions provide for a preference for European tenders and tenders covered by EU's international obligations. In practice, this possibility has rarely been used.
In Greece, the Directive has been transposed with Law No. 4412-Public Works contracts, procurement contracts and Services (adaptation to Directives 2014/24/ OJ and 2014/25/EU).

It is reported that the lack of transparency is a challenge for public procurement procedures in Greece, especially for foreign bidders, including with respect to overly narrow definitions of tenders and implicit biases in favour of local vendors and state-owned enterprises. Moreover, there are reports of complaints that Greece tends to require suppliers to source services and production locally or to partner with Greek manufacturers as a condition for the awarding of some contracts in public procurement.

It is reported that the Greek government has not imposed any restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in sectors relevant for digital trade.

The Ghana Standards Authority (GSA), under the Standards Authority Act, 1973, is responsible for conducting conformity assessment activities. The Product Certification Department offers assessment and impartial third-party attestation to confirm that specified requirements have been met. These requirements are typically outlined in standards or other normative documents. Product certification is carried out by certification bodies, which must adhere to ISO IEC 17065.
When telecom equipment dealers import ICT devices into Ghana, they are required to declare the shipment details to the National Communications Authority (NCA) through the Customs system. The NCA then conducts a physical inspection at the ports of entry to ensure that the devices are Type Approved. To facilitate this process, the NCA has established NCA Approval Testing Labs, which include laboratories for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Electromagnetic Field (EMF) measurements, Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), and Radio Frequency and Signalling (RF & Sig) testing.

The law prohibits the sale or provision of encryption or authentication services unless it is compliant with the country’s 2008 Electronic Transactions Act. The National Information Technology Agency is charged with certifying and issuing licenses for encryption and authentication services. Law enforcement officers are also entitled to require access to decryption information and “the reasonable technical and other assistance required for investigation or prosecution”.

It is reported that the de minimis threshold, that is the minimum value of goods below which customs do not charge duties, is GHS 3,200 (approx. 200 USD).

According to the guidelines for registering domains under the GH2-DOM, for the registration of a ".gh" domain name, the domain administrator must be located in Ghana, and the domain administrator's company should have been registered in Ghana. In addition, domain names registered under the top-level .gh domains should be active within six months after registration.

The Electronic Transactions Act 2008 provides a comprehensive consumer protection framework that applies to online transactions.

Ghana has not signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts.