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ARMENIA

Reported in 2021, last reported in 2025

Pillar Intermediary liability  |  Indicator User identity requirement
Identity requirement for SIM cards
It is reported that Armenia's approach to SIM registration requires mobile network operators to collect and store a user's personal information and proof of identity. The relevant legislation could not be found.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

Since July 2020

Pillar Content access  |  Indicator Licensing schemes for digital services and applications
Law on Audiovisual Media
Under Art. 1 of the Law on Audiovisual Media, Over-the-Top (OTT) operators distributing audiovisual information via network operator infrastructure or the Internet are considered network operators. Network operators are, in turn, subject to licensing under Art. 45(1)(3), while Arts. 47–49 regulate the application, issuance, and operation of the network operator licence.
Coverage Over-the-Top (OTT) operators

ARMENIA

Since April 2015, last amended in August 2025
Since May 2015, last amended in November 2025

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
Decision No. 30 of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board "On Measures of Non-tariff regulation" (Решение Коллегии Евразийской экономической комиссии от 21 апреля 2015 г. N 30 "О мерах нетарифного регулирования")

Decision No. 1524-N of 25 December 2014 on Approving the Lists of Goods Prohibited and Subject to Restrictions for Transfer Through the Customs Territory of the Republic of Armenia, Establishing Authorised Bodies and Approving the Framework Procedure for Issuing Licences and Permits for Export and/or Import of Goods (Ո Ր Ո Շ ՈՒ Մ 25 դեկտեմբերի 2014 թվականի N 1524-Ն ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԱՔՍԱՅԻՆ ՏԱՐԱԾՔՈՎ ՓՈԽԱԴՐՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՐ ԱՐԳԵԼՎԱԾ ԵՎ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱՓԱԿՈՒՄՆԵՐԻ ԵՆԹԱԿԱ ԱՊՐԱՆՔՆԵՐԻ ՑԱՆԿԵՐԸ ՀԱՍՏԱՏԵԼՈՒ, ԼԻԱԶՈՐ ՄԱՐՄԻՆՆԵՐ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԵԼՈՒ ԵՎ ԱՊՐԱՆՔՆԵՐԻ ԱՐՏԱՀԱՆՄԱՆ ԵՎ (ԿԱՄ) ՆԵՐՄՈՒԾՄԱՆ ԼԻՑԵՆԶԻԱՆԵՐԻ ՈՒ ԹՈՒՅԼՏՎՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ՏՐԱՄԱԴՐՄԱՆ ՇՐՋԱՆԱԿԱՅԻՆ ԿԱՐԳԸ ՀԱՍՏԱՏԵԼՈՒ ՄԱՍԻՆ)
Appendix No. 2 to the Decision No. 30 of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board "On Measures of Non-tariff regulation" sets out the Union-wide list of goods restricted for import into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including Armenia. The list includes, among others, (i) radio-electronic and high-frequency equipment for civilian use—devices for transmitting or receiving voice, images, or data (e.g., headings in HS 8471, 8517–8519, 8521, 8525–8528, 8531, and certain Chapter 90 items); (ii) systems and receivers for technical radio monitoring and for detecting sources of electromagnetic emissions (e.g., HS 8526–8527); and (iii) encryption (cryptographic) means, including computing machines and parts with cryptographic functions, computer devices incorporating encryption, and standalone cryptographic software (selected subheadings of HS 8471/8473 and 8523).
In addition, Armenia’s Decision No. 1524-N of 25 December 2014 approves the national list of goods subject to restrictions and links these categories to the relevant annexes of EAEU Board Decision No. 30 of 21 April 2015. In the Armenian text, section 2.16 covers radio-electronic and/or high-frequency devices for civil use, section 2.17 covers special technical means for obtaining confidential information, and section 2.19 covers encryption or cryptographic means.
Coverage Telecom and cryptographic equipment

ARMENIA

Reported in 2021, last reported in 2025

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Other import restrictions, including non-transparent/discriminatory import procedures
Lack of transparency in customs procedures
Businesses in Armenia reportedly face a lack of clarity in requirements such as import licensing and customs procedures, particularly since the country’s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the adoption of the EAEU Customs Code. The unpredictable and inconsistent application of customs rules is perceived as a barrier to trade. Both local and foreign business representatives note that cumbersome, ambiguous legislation, combined with inconsistent implementation, continues to pose significant obstacles to dealings with customs authorities. This situation has historically fostered an environment in which facilitation payments or bribes have been solicited.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

Since April 2015, last amended in August 2025

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
Decision No. 30 of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board "On Measures of Non-tariff regulation" (Решение Коллегии Евразийской экономической комиссии от 21 апреля 2015 г. N 30 "О мерах нетарифного регулирования")
Appendix No. 2 to the Decision No. 30 of the Eurasian Economic Commission Board "On Measures of Non-tariff regulation" sets out the Union-wide list of goods restricted for export from the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including Armenia. The list includes, among others, (i) radio-electronic and high-frequency equipment for civilian use—devices for transmitting or receiving voice, images, or data (e.g., headings in HS 8471, 8517–8519, 8521, 8525–8528, 8531, and certain Chapter 90 items); (ii) systems and receivers for technical radio monitoring and for detecting sources of electromagnetic emissions (e.g., HS 8526–8527); and (iii) encryption (cryptographic) means, including computing machines and parts with cryptographic functions, computer devices incorporating encryption, and standalone cryptographic software (selected subheadings of HS 8471/8473 and 8523).
Coverage Telecom and cryptographic equipment

ARMENIA

Since April 2010, last amended in July 2025
Since December 2011, last amended in November 2021
Since May 2023, last amended in November 2025

Pillar Quantitative trade restrictions for ICT goods and online services  |  Indicator Export restrictions on ICT goods or online services
Law on Control over the Export of Dual-Use Goods, their Transit through the Territory of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Transfer of Dual-Use Information and Results of Intellectual Activity (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության օրենքը երկակի նշանակության ապրանքների արտահանման, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տարածքով դրանց տարանցիկ փոխադրման, ինչպես նաև երկակի նշանակության տեղեկատվության և մտավոր գործունեության արդյունքների փոխանցման նկատմամբ հսկողության մասին)

Decree 1785-N of 2011 On Approval of the Lists of Controlled Goods of Interchangeable Value, as well as Information and Results of Intellectual Activity of Interchangeable Value, Exported from the Republic of Armenia and Transported through the Territory of the Republic of Armenia, and on Recognizing as Void the Decision of the Government of the Republic of Armenia No. 822-N of July 6, 2007 (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կառավարություն որոշում 15 դեկտեմբերի 2011 թվականի N 1785-Ն Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունից արտահանվող և Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տարածքով տարանցիկ փոխադրվող երկակի նշանակության՝ վերահսկվող ապրանքների, ինչպես նաև փոխանցվող երկակի նշանակության տեղեկատվության և մտավոր գործունեության արդյունքների՝ վերահսկվող ոչ նյութական արժեքների ցուցակները հաստատելու և Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կառավարության 2007 թվականի հուլիսի 6-ի N 822 որոշումը ուժը կորցրած ճանաչելու մասին)

Decree No. 808-N of 2023 On Approval of the List of Sensitive Goods Exported from the Republic of Armenia and Transported through the Territory of the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կառավարություն որոշում 25 մայիսի 2023 թվականի N 808-Ն Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունից արտահանվող և Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տարածքով տարանցիկ փոխադրվող զգայուն ապրանքների ցուցակը հաստատելու մասին)
According to Art. 9 of the Law “On Control over the Export of Dual-Use Goods, their Transit through the Territory of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Transfer of Dual-Use Information and Results of Intellectual Activity,” exports of controlled goods and transfers of controlled intangible assets are carried out on the basis of one-time, individual, or general permits issued by the Ministry of Economy. The restricted items are set out in Decree No. 1785-N of 15 December 2011 (approving the list of controlled dual-use goods) and Decree No. 808-N of 25 May 2023 (approving the list of sensitive goods).
Decree 1785-N includes categories such as electronics, computers, and telecommunications and information security, including goods such as vector and digital signal processors, high-performance digital computers or electronic assemblies, telecommunications systems/equipment, and certain cryptographic items. Decree No. 808-N covers other specific goods, including data-processing units and other computer equipment (HS 8471), base stations and switching/routing equipment (HS 8517.61/.62/.69), digital cameras (HS 8525.89), antennas (HS 8529.10), printed circuits (HS 8534), semiconductor devices (HS 8541), and integrated circuits (HS 8542).
Coverage Dual and sensitive goods including telecom equipment and computer parts

ARMENIA

N/A

Pillar Intermediary liability  |  Indicator Safe harbour for intermediaries for copyright infringement
Lack of intermediary liability framework in place for copyright infringements
A basic legal framework on intermediary liability for copyright infringement is absent in Armenia's law and jurisprudence.
Coverage Internet intermediaries

ARMENIA

N/A

Pillar Intermediary liability  |  Indicator Safe harbour for intermediaries for any activity other than copyright infringement
Lack of intermediary liability framework in place beyond copyright infringement
A basic legal framework on intermediary liability beyond copyright infringement is absent in Armenia's law and jurisprudence.
Coverage Internet intermediaries

ARMENIA

Reported in 2022, last reported in 2025

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Indicator Enforcement of copyright online
Lack of adequate enforcement of copyright online
Although Armenian legislation provides protection for intellectual property rights (IPR), enforcement remains challenging. It is reported that in 2023, Armenia had the highest rate of unlicensed software in the region, at 79%, followed by the Republic of Moldova (77%) and Belarus (76%). While the Armenian government has made some progress in addressing IPR issues, further strengthening of enforcement mechanisms is reportedly necessary.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

Since March 2005

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Indicator Adoption of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
WIPO Copyright Treaty
Armenia has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

Since March 2005

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Indicator Adoption of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
Armenia has ratified the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

N/A

Pillar Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)  |  Indicator Effective protection covering trade secrets
Lack of comprehensive regulatory framework covering trade secrets
Armenia lacks a comprehensive framework in place that provides effective protection of trade secrets, but there are limited measures addressing some issues related to them. Under Art. 141 of the Civil Code, information qualifies as a commercial secret when it has actual or potential commercial value by virtue of being unknown to third persons, is not freely accessible on a lawful basis, and is subject to measures taken by its holder to preserve its confidentiality. Such information is protected under the Civil Code and other statutes, and persons who unlawfully obtain it are required to compensate for any resulting losses.
Furthermore, pursuant to Art. 1164 of the Code, the legal protection of undisclosed information—including technical, organisational, or commercial information such as production secrets or know-how—arises when the conditions in Art. 141 are met, regardless of whether any formalities, such as registration or certification, have been completed. Art. 1165 further establishes that any person who, without legal grounds, obtains, discloses, or uses such information must compensate the lawful holder for the losses caused by its illegal use.
Coverage Horizontal

ARMENIA

Since September 2005, last amended in July 2025

Pillar Telecom infrastructure & competition  |  Indicator Passive infrastructure sharing obligation
Law No. HO-176-N, 2005 on Electronic Communication (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության օրենքը էլեկտրոնային հաղորդակցության մասին)
It is reported that there is an obligation for passive infrastructure sharing in Armenia to deliver telecom services to end users. It is reported that infrastructure sharing is practised in the mobile sector based on commercial agreements.
According to Art. 25 of Law No. HO-176-N of 2005 on Electronic Communications, dominant operators holding a line facility are required to lease their capacity to other operators on equal and non-discriminatory terms. They must publish information on the location and available capacity of their line facilities and respond to written requests for leasing within 14 days. The law further obliges dominant operators to ensure that all conditions and requirements for the use of a line facility are identical across all operators, thereby preventing preferential treatment. Under Art. 2 of the law, a “line facility” is defined as the part of a public electronic communications network permanently attached to the land or the bottom of a body of water, including, but not limited to, cables, wires, conduits, ducts, radio towers or pole attachments, and the necessary cross-connections.
Coverage Telecommunications sector

ARMENIA

Reported in 2024, last reported in 2025

Pillar Telecom infrastructure & competition  |  Indicator Presence of shares owned by the government in telecom companies
Presence of shares owned by the government in the telecom sector
The government holds a 20% minority stake in Viva Armenia, the country’s major mobile operator. This shareholding originated in 2024, when Fedilco Group Limited, having acquired Viva Armenia from the Russia-based MTS, transferred a 20% stake to the Armenian government as a gift. Although the government has reportedly expressed plans to divest this share, it currently retains ownership.
Coverage Telecommunications sector

ARMENIA

Since September 2005, last amended in July 2025

Pillar Telecom infrastructure & competition  |  Indicator Functional/accounting separation for operators with significant market power
Law No. HO-176-N, 2005 on Electronic Communication (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության օրենքը էլեկտրոնային հաղորդակցության մասին)
Armenia imposes functional and accounting separation obligations on operators with SMP-equivalent status, referred to in the Law on Electronic Communications as operators holding a “dominant position.” Under Arts. 22–23, the regulator determines which operators or service providers are dominant in the relevant electronic communications markets. Pursuant to Art. 36(2), each dominant operator must maintain separate accounts in a form that enables the regulator to assess compliance with interconnection obligations. In addition, Art. 24 empowers the regulator to require dominant operators or dominant service providers to provide competitive services through fully separated subsidiaries or affiliates, to implement structural separation between dominant and competitive activities, and to adopt other separation safeguards where necessary to protect competition.
Coverage Telecommunications sector

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